Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells (1 × 104) were injected into the right thigh muscle of Sprague–Dawley rats (125 g) consuming isoenergetic (200 g fat/kg) diets containing 20, 100 and 200 g maize oil/kg and 180, 100 or 0 g hydrogenated lard/kg respectively. Ten rats from each dietary regimen were killed every 4th day. Tumours grew rapidly from day 0 to day 8 post-transplant regardless of dietary regimen. However, after 8 d more tumours regressed and there were fewer deaths in animals fed on 200 g maize oil/kg compared with animals fed on 20 or 100 g maize oil/kg. Linoleic acid (LA) levels were higher in phospholipids (PL) of growing tumours than in regressing tumours whereas arachidonic acid levels in PL were lower in growing tumours indicating a possible alteration in the desaturation and elongation of LA. Serum prostaglandin E2 levels were slightly lower in rats with regressing tumours than in rats with growing tumours.

A diet based on rice powder, soya-bean oil, glucose, egg-white and salts was given to twenty-six patients of different nutritional status aged 4–18 months with persistent diarrheoa and twenty-five age-matched controls without diarrhoea. Clinical response was monitored during 1 week of dietary treatment and absorption of macronutrients was estimated during a 72 h balance study. Twenty-one patients (81 %) recovered from diarrhoea within 7 d. There were significant relationships between nutritional indices, recovery, and absorption of total energy, fat and N. The absorption of fat, protein and carbohydrate in the better nourished controls without diarrhoea was significantly higher than in patients with persistent diarrhoea with better nutrition or malnutrition. The duration of diarrhoea was significantly longer in lighter patients (weight-for-age < 65% NCHS (1976) standard), in wasted patients (weight/height < 80% of NCHS) and those with mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) less than 110 mm. There were negative relationships between the period of recovery and the coefficient of absorption of fat (P < 0·001), total energy intake (P < 0·01) and MUAC (P < 0·05). Weight-for-age and MUAC showed most effective discriminative power for absorption of nutrients. However, the coefficients of absorption for carbohydrate were not different for any pair of nutritional groups. Absorption of all nutrients was also correlated negatively with severity of persistent diarrhoea on admission. The results of the present study indicate that a rice-based diet is highly effective in the management of persistent diarrhoea, while malnutrition aggravates nutrient malabsorption, increases duration and severity of diarrhoea and less severely malnourished patients do not absorb nutrients as well as healthy controls. Malnutrition and the initial severity of diarrhoea are significant determinants of clinical prognosis and nutrient absorption in persistent diarrhoea.

We compared anthropometric indices in samples of elderly people aged 65 years and over living in two French areas. The samples were divided into four age-groups (65–69, 70–74, 75–79 and over 80 years). We observed interregional differences in women aged 65–69 years and in men aged 65–74 years. Weight and anthropometric variables related to body fat percentage and to muscle mass showed a decline with age as already reported by others. We established anthropometric percentile values according to sex in pooled subjects when no integrated difference was found. The 50th percentile of arm circumference, muscle arm circumference and triceps skinfold was higher, and the 50th percentile of body mass index was lower than the one reported for the same indices from an elderly Welsh population. Our results show that an interregional difference in anthropometric indices exists in the elderly. The differences which are observed between our results and those reported from a British population emphasize the importance of establishing local values for the elderly population.

The effects of condensed tannins in hulls of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) on the activities of trypsin (EC3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC3.4.21.1) in digesta obtained from the small intestine of pigs were studied. Using four castrated male pigs (mean body weight 83 kg) fitted with both a simple T-cannuIa in the duodenum and a post-valvular T-cannula at the terminal ileum, two experimental diets were tested in a Latin square design. The low-tannin diet (LT) contained 200 g faba bean hulls (cv. Blandine)/kg with a low content of condensed tannins (< 0.1 % catechin equivalents). The high-tannin diet (HT) contained 200 g faba bean hulls (cv. Alfred)/kg with a content of condensed tannins of 3.5 % catechin equivalents. Spot samples of fresh duodenal digesta were taken daily at fifteen time points between 08.00 and 20.00 hours on four consecutive days. Ileal digesta were collected nearly quantitatively on the same days between 08.00 and 20.00 hours over periods of 2 h. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in duodenal digesta did not differ between treatments at any time point (P > 0.05). In ileal digesta of pigs given diet HT the mean activity of trypsin was reduced (P < 0.05). The activity of chymotrypsin in ileal digesta did not differ between treatments. Trypsin activity: chymotrypsin activity was somewhat lower in ileal digesta of pigs receiving the HT diet (P < 0.10). The apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (N × 6.25) was lower for the HT than for the LT diet (0.614 v. 0.728; P < 0.05). Condensed tannins are probably responsible for the lower activity of trypsin in ileal digesta of pigs fed on high-tannin faba bean hulls. Various explanations for the absence of effects of condensed tannins on enzyme activity in duodenal digesta are discussed.