The fall of two of the stones of the outer circle of Stonehenge, No. 22 and its lintel No. 122, on the last day of the century, directed the attention of the public, and especially of archæologists, in a very forcible manner to the insecure position of other stones in this venerable monument. At a meeting of the Council of this Society soon afterwards a resolution was passed and sent to Sir Edmund Antrobus, the owner of Stonehenge, expressing their desire to co-operate with him in any operations which might be advisable for its preservation. Sir Edmund accepted the offer, declined any pecuniary aid, and invited the Society to form, together with the Wiltshire Archæological Society, and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, a small committee to advise him as to the work required for the conservation of the monument and the order in which it should be carried out.

Intensive fieldwork in an area 4½ miles (NS) by 3 miles (EW) based on the village of Chalton, Hants, has led to the discovery of over 120 archaeological sites on this typical stretch of chalk country. Human activity began as early as 7000 B.C. and has been continuous until the present day. Settlements of different periods reflect the ways in which man has adapted himself to the physical environment and has in turn adapted it to his needs.

In the second season of excavation by a British team participating in the UNESCO Save Carthage project it was found that the topography of the island in the circular harbour underwent a radical change in the fourth century B.C., after which there appear to have been first timber and then stone ship-sheds and other installations associated with the Punic naval harbour. The Roman quaysides were found both on the island and on the mainland and much new information obtained, partly from underwater survey, about the bridge or causeway which linked the island with the mainland. A reconstruction was attempted of the presumed Roman pharos. Apart from modern features, the latest stage in the archaeological sequence on the island was a series of burials in stone cists at the centre and another, of apparently uncoffined inhumations, at the north edge, both groups dating not earlier than the sixth century A.D. On the Circular Harbour, North Side an 18 m.-wide strip was cleared across the insula between kardines XV and XVI and north of the quay wall, but excavation of the stratigraphical sequence is still in its early stages. At the Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Salammbo, immediately north of the city wall a sequence of a building, probably of the sixth–early seventh century A.D., followed by a period of burials, followed by another building, may span the change from the Byzantine to the Arab occupation of Carthage. South of the city wall there are signs of a metalled berm and defensive ditch, which could belong to the time of Belisarius, the presumed ditch being at least partly filled in before the construction of a building aligned on the so-called Gracchan centuriation.

This paper describes the discovery, by geological and archaeological fieldwork, of a major Iron Age and Roman quern quarry which was supplying much of south-east and south-midland England. The debitage from the site is described and the chronological development of querns from the quarry assessed in the light of material found on habitation sites. It is argued that production reached a peak the first century A.D. The broad distribution of Lodsworth products during the Iron Age, and to a lesser extent during the Roman period, is discussed.

References to palaeolithic implements from the Pleistocene deposits in the Buckinghamshire parish of Iver have appeared from time to time in the Proceedings of learned societies. The British Museum Guide to Antiquities of the Stone Age, 1926, p. 46, mentions artifacts from this district, where palaeoliths have been collected for nearly half a century, but a general summary has not been made showing the sequence of cultures and the significance of the relics from the local deposits. The author has had the commercial workings in the Iver gravels under observation for a number of years, and thinks that the archaeological evidence, now made available as a result of continuous supervision, may perhaps assist in the revision of published material.

The area under review measures almost two miles from east to west and a mile and a half from north to south (map, fig. 1). It may be taken as bounded on the east by the Colne Brook, one of the branches of the River Colne, and on the west by a line passing through Parsonage Farm south-west of Shreding Green, which stands, like the eastern end of Iver village in the north-east corner of the rectangle, at an altitude of 120 ft.

About 600 metres due north of the prehistoric Palace of Knossos begins the rise of a flat-topped hill, here traversed by a long line of Roman walling, from which the neighbouring hamlet, sole survivor of the ancient city, gains its name of Makryteichos. The hill itself is known as Zafer Papoura (Τοῠ ΖαΦέρ ή παποῠρα) and on its lower slope there had already been brought to light remains of houses belonging to the extensive Minoan town, the “Wide Knossos” of Homeric tradition, which seems to have extended on every side of the Palace.

Reports on the excavations at Al Mina during the two seasons 1936 and 1937 have already appeared in the Antiquaries Journal, and Sir Leonard Woolley has now invited me to give a more detailed account of the finds dating from the medieval period. The Board of Education granted me special leave from my duties at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and I was thus able to assist at the excavations during the whole of the 1937 campaign.

Total excavation of the nave, crossing, and transepts of Hadstock church in 1974, together with a detailed examination of parts of the upstanding fabric, revealed that this well-known Anglo-Saxon building is not a single-period structure, as has long been assumed. Three periods of Anglo-Saxon work are now known, the earliest of which probably belongs to the pre-Danish era: it comprised a large, five-cell cruciform church which, it is suggested, may be part of the seventh-century monastery founded by St. Botolph, at Icanho. Rebuilding on a monumental scale took place in the early eleventh century and the possibility is discussed that this was Canute's minster, dedicated in 1020. The church was extensively repaired in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, following the collapse of the central tower. Subsequently the decline in the size and importance of Hadstock as a village saved the church from further extensive alteration.

The 1968–71 excavations have produced a large body of information bearing on Roman Gloucester's development from legionary fortress to chartered city. It has proved possible to correlate Roman building sequences in different parts of the city. A building period which may be associated with the foundation of the colonia has been extensively excavated. The Roman forum has been discovered in a position equivalent to that of the principia of a fortress. Knowledge of the city's defences in both Roman and later periods has been amplified by work on three sides of the Roman circuit. Late Saxon use of the Roman wall is suggested and late Saxon buildings fronting Southgate Street have been discovered. At 13–17 Berkeley Street the first extensive excavation of medieval levels in the city has revealed a length of street fronted by late eleventh–fourteenth-century buildings.

The evidence for the site of the temple of Victory on the Palatine at Rome is re-examined: (1) a passage in Dionysius of Halicarnassus which implies that the temple was topographically related to the Lupercal, (2) two inscriptions recorded in the eighteenth century, which were found near the western corner of the Palatine, (3) the Porta Roman(ul)a, which according to Festus was infimo clivo Victoriae, and (4) the Palatine hut, which was evidently next to the temple of Iuppiter Victor in the precinct of Victory. By applying these indications to the archaeological remains, the two hitherto unidentified podia near the Magna Mater temple may be identified as those of the temples of Victory and Iuppiter Victor.

Road works in 1968 led to the excavation of an unenclosed Bronze Age farm at SU 717181. Two circular huts, 23 ft. and 14 ft. in diameter, were uncovered together with two ‘working platforms’ and three pits. Stratified finds included pottery, a loom weight, a whetstone, an unlooped low-flanged palstave, a bronze knife, an awl, and a conical fitting, all pointing to a date within the Middle Bronze Age. Tentative estimates might suggest a single family unit of approximately four people, farming about 16 acres of arable. The farm appears to have been in use for only a short time.

The purpose of this paper is briefly to make known investigation of an area of Thames terrace gravel in Essex (at N.G.R. TQ 673 803) before its rapid destruction by quarrying (pi. XLVII and figs. 1 and 2). With work still continuing, and with the bulk of the finds and records yet to be synthesized, archaeological observations must necessarily be provisional.

The discovery of a pair of armlets from Lockington and the re-dating of the Mold cape, add substance to a tradition of embossed goldworking in Early Bronze Age Britain. It is seen to be distinct in morphology, distribution and decoration from the other previously defined traditions of goldworking of the Copper and Early Bronze Ages, which are reviewed here. However, a case is made for its emergence from early objects employing ‘reversible relief to execute decoration and others with small-scale corrugated morphology. Emergence in the closing stages of the third millennium BC is related also to a parallel development in the embossing of occasional bronze ornaments. Subsequent developments in embossed goldwork and the spread of the technique to parts of the Continent are summarized. The conclusions address the problem of interpreting continuity of craft skills against a very sparse record of relevant finds through time and space.

This interim report is principally concerned with waterlogged lower ditch deposits of the Etton causewayed enclosure. The site is situated near the eastern edge of the Maxey complex of cropmarks, and owes its remarkable preservation to a high local water table and a blanket deposit of clayey alluvium which has protected the archaeological deposits from plough-damage. The description of the causewayed enclosure includes interim discussions of woodworking, the use of cattle as draught animals, and outlines of the environmental succession. Short statements on pottery and other finds are also included. Brief mention is also made of the earlier (Phase I) and later (Phase II) Neolithic sites at Etton Woodgate, immediately to the west of the causewayed enclosure. These sites, which were also partially waterlogged, were discovered during a watching brief of topsoil-removal work in the adjacent quarry. Etton Woodgate II produced very early evidence for textiles and for possible charcoal manufacture. The Discussion outlines recent research in the region and offers provisional explanations for the roles of lowland causewayed enclosures.

Of the many objects of the Bronze Age which have defied decay in these Islands, few can rank in interest and importance with a number of small coloured beads which have been found associated with barrow burials and in other contexts. So well known are they, that it seems almost needless to add that their importance lies in the possibility of using them as datum points in the Absolute Chronology of this period. The question of their origin is thus one of extreme importance and one which we propose here to examine.

Whitehawk Camp, situated on the Brighton Race-course, is one of the eight proved neolithic camps of ‘causewayed’ type in Britain. It consists of four concentric oval rings of interrupted ditches, situated on a saddle between two slight eminences on the back of a north–south ridge on the eastern edge of the town of Brighton. The outermost ring (fourth ditch), which is deficient on the east where the hill falls very steeply into Whitehawk Bottom, encloses about 10 acres, while the inner ring encloses less than two. About half the circuit of the two inner rings, and considerable stretches of the two outer lines, have been levelled or otherwise damaged by the formation of the race-course and by allotment gardens. The general plan (pl. xii) is the result of a careful survey by the writer in 1928, when the vanished portions of the ditches were to a large extent recovered by percussion of the ground—a method which was not, however, of any avail in the allotment gardens where there was no turf, and the ‘boser’ simply sank into soft soil which damped the vibrations.

Excavations conducted in 1980–81 for the Soprintendenza Archeologica at Pompeii, by the writer, revealed considerable information about conditions in and around the forum from the sixth century B.C. onwards. The results are briefly described and used to indicate hypotheses as to the development of the site. Already in the sixth century the whole 63 ha. appear to have been enclosed by a wall circuit. It is argued that the enceinte may have protected a port of trade sited at a threshold point between Greek, Etruscan and indigenous culture systems, and that the forum area, also possibly enclosed or demarcated, represented the site of formal market activity.

Towards the close of the fourth century, in a changed political milieu, the fortifications were strengthened and evidence of Black Glaze kiln waste indicates the production of consumer commodities, taking the site a stage further from the simple agricultural and market centre suggested. However, it is not until the late third or second century, with its involvement in the ever more complex and expanding Mediterranean market system, that the evidence is clear enough to allow for the application of the term town to the site.

The excavations to be described were undertaken at the request of H.M. Office of Works in the summer of 1938, and were in the nature of ‘rescue work’, for the area on which the barrows lay had been acquired by a government department and it was felt desirable that some at least of the barrows should be excavated in advance of operations in order to avoid possible damage. With regard to the choice of sites, as will be seen from the site plan (fig. 1), there are altogether some 34 barrows in the area acquired by the Ministry, but it was found possible to limit the actual excavation to eighteen, mainly of small size and elevation, and many extremely small, and mostly within the central area of the ground. The rejection of the large barrows was largely governed by the time factor since the excavation of a large barrow would be of necessity a longer task than that of a small one, and in the limited time allowed we were faced with the alternative of excavating two or three large barrows or a larger number of relatively small mounds.

In November, 1886, being at Aylesford in company with my father Dr. John Evans and with Dr. Sebastian Evans, we paid a visit to the sand and gravel pit belonging to Messrs. Silas Wagon and Son, our immediate object being to search for palaeolithic implements which had been discovered at this spot. Our attention was then called to another and highly interesting discovery that had just been made whilst removing the surface earth, which here to a depth of about three feet covers the old river deposits. This consisted of a bronze pail or situla (fig. 11), and a small fragment of another, an ænochoê (fig. 14), a long-handled pan or patella (fig. 16), and two fibulæ (figs. 17, 18), also of bronze, together with calcined bones and fragments of earthenware vases. On examination the situla proved to be a characteristic example of that peculiar style of art which had taken root in Britain during the century or so that preceded the Roman Conquest, and to which Mr. Franks has given the name of “Late-Celtic.” The ænochoê, or bronze vase, the pan and fibulæ were also of great interest as representing imported specimens of late Greek or Italian fabrics. The earthenware vases themselves exhibited an elegance of form and a style of manufacture such as had not yet been associated with British remains in this country, and which, as I hope to show, point not less distinctly to Gaulish and in a somewhat remoter degree to North Italian connexions.

Excavation and observations from 1984–6 on the Leadenhall Court site in the City of London revealed elements of the fifteenth-century market building known as ‘The Leadenhall’. The truncated foundations were located in various areas of the site; 177 medieval moulded stones were found reused in later cellar walls; and a fragment of the west wall survived to its full height of 11.17m encased between Victorian buildings. The recording and subsequent study of these features, together with a reassessment of such plans and drawings of the building as have survived, established the ground plan of the quadrangle and chapel, and made possible a complete reconstruction of the north range of this important civic building. The methodology used in the reconstructions is described with particular emphasis upon the analysis of the moulded stones. In conclusion, both the design of the structure and the documentary sources are studied to show how it may have been intended to function.

The arcaded ground floor functioned as part of a common market, while the upper floors were intended to be a granary. For convenience, however, this dual-purpose building is referred to as the ‘garner’ throughout the text.