This is the first ever English translation of Heisenberg’s unpublished response to the EPR paper. In this chapter, Heisenberg uses his famous cut argument to argue against the possibility of hidden variables.

Catherine Peters discusses how writers such as the Cuban poet Juan Francisco Manzano reworked the Romantic trope of the revolutionary “common wind” to forge kinship networks among forcibly displaced peoples. In formulating this argument, Peters shifts the conventional focus on the French Revolution as the hub of radical Romantic thought to the Haitian Revolution, where “fraternité” refers not to an abstract ideal but a very real desire to reconstitute those family relations disrupted by the institution of slavery.

Kalpana-di came upstairs at Abinaash and settled down with her lunch on the madur (straw mat) spread on the floor. Unlike other days when she would animatedly describe her encounters in the field, she looked dejected. She opened her tiffin box and started eating rather distractedly. This aberration did not escape us, and we wanted to know what was bothering her. Kalpana-di sadly recounted that her long-time friend, Bina-di, who had been ill for some time now, was now “very sick; I don't think she will live much longer.” Deferring to the custom of secrecy, particularly with respect to a close friend's HIV+ status in order to avoid stigma and even shame, Kalpana-di was careful to convey Bina-di's diagnosis as abstrusely as possible. An HIV+ diagnosis in Sonagachi is shrouded in euphemisms and is routinely coded as “very sick,” “very weak,” “cannot eat,” “lost so much weight,” and so on, coupled with a premonition of death. However, everybody present that afternoon knew that I had recently taken Bina-di to the ART Center at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine (Tropical), and was most likely aware of her diagnosis, so nobody asked me any questions either.

Based on the doctor's evaluation, Bina-di had advanced stage tuberculosis. Furthermore, her lack of access to nutritional food and her insalubrious living conditions would severely impede her recovery. I had known Bina-di for a few years. She was an older woman and had worked in Sonagachi for close to 20 years. However, due to advancing age and other ailments, she had retired a few years ago. Though Bina-di predated the 1990s categorization, she would then be considered B-category. Like many other B-category sex workers, neither was she able to save enough for a secure retirement nor was she able to invest in real estate to become a malkin. Often, she was cash-strapped and struggled to pay rent and procure food.

This guides a candidate in the generality of how to prepare for Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. It will provide an overview of the exam, marking scheme and build up to the exam. Reading resources and tactics to increase a candidate’s score.

Chapter One examines the historical and legal context that resulted in the abolition of the East India Company and the formal transfer of political sovereignty from the Mughal state to the British Crown. It focuses on the Uprising of 1857 and is arranged around two questions: How did the colonial state attempt to erase the memory of Mughal sovereignty and the popular character of the violence enacted in its name, and what role did mercy play in this story? The chapter positions the trial and punishment of Bahadur Shah Zafar II as a founding trial of colonial sovereignty which exposed both the extraordinary violence and the absolute limits of colonial sovereign power. A former sovereign would be transformed into a criminal and brought within the British imperial order, but for the sake of the future legitimacy of this political project, he could not be killed.

During the writing of this book, the history of imperial mercy has periodically emerged as a site of national debate in India. The issue has revolved almost singularly around Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the ideologue of Hindutva and vocal critic of the Indian National Congress. The historical context around this ongoing controversy requires a short summary.

In 1910, Savarkar was placed on trial in the Bombay High Court for waging war against the king and abetment to murder. The charges were a response to the assassination of Arthur Jackson, the collector of Nasik in western India. As explored briefly in Chapter 5, Jackson had been shot dead by the young revolutionary Anant Kanhere. Before Kanhere was executed, he implicated Savarkar in the plot. Savarkar was subsequently found guilty on both counts and sentenced to transportation for fifty years.

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of judicial dialogue between international courts in the interpretation of customary international human rights law. Judicial dialogue refers to international courts’ spontaneous practice of referencing other international courts’ decisions or international instruments that are outside the international court’s own judicial system. International courts engage in this practice in order to both identify rules of customary international human rights law and reach common interpretations on the meaning and scope of norms protecting human rights. Through the analysis of international courts’ case law, this chapter discusses the impact of judicial dialogue consisting in cross-references to legal norms and judicialdecisions on the interpretation of rules protecting human rights, especially when judges use case law from other courts in support of their interpretation.