Climate change is a complex global issue that requires widespread understanding, support and collaboration for effective solutions. This research delves into the crucial role of communication in tackling climate change and reaching net-zero goals. Leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, we focus on 10 core climate change topics derived from social media conversations over time. This analysis underscores the importance of a holistic and interconnected approach, involving a diverse array of policies at local, national and global levels to combat climate change effectively and attain net-zero objectives. We offer key policy suggestions that can significantly contribute to this vital cause.

Sir Clements Markham (1830-1916), secretary of the Royal Geographical Society for many decades, is best known for his role in shaping the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration and especially the career of his protege Robert Falcon Scott. His unpublished work of Franklin Expedition fiction, a 350-page handwritten manuscript held in the collection of the RGS, is an understudied artefact which has much to say about Markham’s life, work, and ideology. A work of fact-based history, yet also a fantasy on themes of chivalry, his 1899 novel James Fitzjames…, while occasionally mined for biographical information by scholars of the 19th-century Arctic, has never been fully evaluated on its own terms. An initial read reveals various preoccupations: Christian spirituality; the male body in extremis; loyalty to the imperial hierarchy; and a deep interest in establishing James Fitzjames as a heroic figure for posterity. In this paper, I aim to uncover various meanings embedded in this romance, place it into the ongoing literary afterlife of the Franklin Expedition, and demonstrate some of the insights it can offer regarding Markham’s role as a vital figure in the history of polar exploration.

We investigate two-dimensional (2-D) axisymmetric flow in toroidal geometry, with a focus on a transition between 2-D three-component flow and 2-D two-component flow. This latter flow state allows a self-organization of the system to a quiescent dynamics, characterized by long-living coherent structures. When these large-scale structures orient in the azimuthal direction, the radial transport is reduced. Such a transition, if it can be triggered in toroidally confined fusion plasmas, is beneficial for the generation of zonal flows and should consequently result in a flow field beneficial for confinement.

We provide the first evidence that firms, not just voters, are gerrymandered. We compare allocations of firms in enacted redistricting plans to counterfactual distributions constructed using simulation methods. We find that firms are over-allocated to districts held by the mapmakers’ party when partisans control the redistricting process; maps drawn by courts and independent commissions allocate firms more proportionately. Our results hold when we account for the gerrymandering of seats: fixing the number of seats the mapmakers’ party wins, they obtain more firms than expected in their districts. Our research reveals that partisan mapmakers target more than just voters, shedding new light on the link between corporate and political power in the United States and opening new pathways for studying how mapmakers actually draw district boundaries.

We present experiments on oscillating hydrofoils undergoing combined heaving and pitching motions, paying particular attention to connections between propulsive efficiency and coherent wake features extracted using modal analysis. Time-averaged forces and particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow field downstream of the foil are presented for a Reynolds number of $Re=11\times 10^3$ and Strouhal numbers in the range $St=0.16\unicode{x2013}0.35$. These conditions produce 2S and 2P wake patterns, as well as a near-momentumless wake structure. A triple decomposition using the optimized dynamic mode decomposition method is employed to identify dominant modal components (or coherent structures) in the wake. These structures can be connected to wake instabilities predicted using spatial stability analyses. Examining the modal components of the wake provides insightful explanations into the transition from drag to thrust production, and conditions that lead to peak propulsive efficiency. In particular, we find modes that correspond to the primary vortex development in the wakes. Other modal components capture elements of bluff body shedding at Strouhal numbers below the optimum for peak propulsive efficiency and characteristics of separation for Strouhal numbers higher than the optimum.

Aging ships and offshore structures face harsh environmental and operational conditions in remote areas, leading to age-related damages such as corrosion wastage, fatigue cracking, and mechanical denting. These deteriorations, if left unattended, can escalate into catastrophic failures, causing casualties, property damage, and marine pollution. Hence, ensuring the safety and integrity of aging ships and offshore structures is paramount and achievable through innovative healthcare schemes. One such paradigm, digital healthcare engineering (DHE), initially introduced by the final coauthor, aims at providing lifetime healthcare for engineered structures, infrastructure, and individuals (e.g., seafarers) by harnessing advancements in digitalization and communication technologies. The DHE framework comprises five interconnected modules: on-site health parameter monitoring, data transmission to analytics centers, data analytics, simulation and visualization via digital twins, artificial intelligence-driven diagnosis and remedial planning using machine and deep learning, and predictive health condition analysis for future maintenance. This article surveys recent technological advancements pertinent to each DHE module, with a focus on its application to aging ships and offshore structures. The primary objectives include identifying cost-effective and accurate techniques to establish a DHE system for lifetime healthcare of aging ships and offshore structures—a project currently in progress by the authors.

The present article offers a new interpretation of the gladiatorial graffiti preserved within the Flavian Amphitheatre from a contextual perspective. Although recent scholarship has set a solid foundation for investigating the role and nature of gladiatorial graffiti, a contextual examination of this epigraphic category represents a major desideratum. The article investigates graffiti within the epigraphic environment of the Flavian Amphitheatre. It examines the juxtaposition of graffiti and official inscriptions, their interaction with spatial and material surroundings and their distinctiveness as visual and material media with which to perpetuate the fleeting arena performances. By combining close reading with a new visual representation of gladiatorial graffiti – created digitally upon autoptic study – the article provides the reader with the first systematic analysis of this exceptional epigraphic record. Challenging critical notions of impermanence and instability, the article explores strategies of memorialization and techniques of temporality performed by graffiti, inviting reflection on the negotiation of and paradoxical takes on the contradictory concept of monumentality in the arena.

Cowl-induced incident shock wave/boundary layer interactions (ISWBLIs) under the influence of shoulder expansion represent one of the dominant phenomena in supersonic inlets. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of how an expansion corner affects the ISWBLI, a detailed experimental and analytical study is performed in a Mach 2.73 flow in this work. Pressure measurement, schlieren photography and surface oil-flow visualisation are used to record flow features, including the pressure distribution, separation extent and surface-flow topological structures. Our results reveal three types of ISWBLIs influenced by the expansion corner. When the shock intensity is weak, the separation is small scale with the expansion waves emanating from the expansion corner. This is the first type of expansion-corner-affected ISWBLI (EC-ISWBLI). When the incident shock wave is strong, large-scale separation occurs, accompanied by the disappearance of expansion waves, forming the second type of EC-SWBLI. The expansion corner induces a ‘lock-in’ effect in which the separation onset is consistently locked near the expansion corner regardless of the incident shock intensity and impingement position. The third type of EC-ISWBLI occurs when the shock is sufficiently strong and the impingement point is close to the expansion corner. In this interaction, the ‘lock-in’ effect ceases to manifest. Moreover, a shock polar-incorporating inviscid model is employed to elucidate the shock patterns. Two criteria are established by combining free interaction theory with this model. The first criterion provides valuable insights into the evolution of separations with a minimal overall pressure rise and the second criterion determines the threshold for the occurrence of the ‘lock-in’ effect.

Immunity activation and inflammation are the main characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis and clonal hematopoiesis. However, it remains unclear whether rheumatoid arthritis increase the risk of clonal hematopoiesis. Here, a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conduct to explore the causal effects of rheumatoid arthritis on clonal hematopoiesis. Summary statistics data of rheumatoid arthritis (13,838 cases and 33,742 controls) and clonal hematopoiesis (10,203 cases and 173,918 controls) derived from a genomewide association study were selected to analyze. We selected inverse-variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode to evaluate the causal effect of rheumatoid arthritis on clonal hematopoiesis. The two-sample MR analysis suggested a strong causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and clonal hematopoiesis by inverse-variance weighted (OR = 1.002311673, 95% CI [1.000110757, 1.004517433], p = .039706) and weighted median (OR = 1.002311673, 95% CI [1.000110757, 1.004517433], p = .039518447) methods. No significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity was found in the sensitivity analysis. These results supported a potentially causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and clonal hematopoiesis, and the exposure of rheumatoid arthritis increased the risks of clonal hematopoiesis. Our findings highlight the importance of how chronic inflammation and immune activation induced rheumatoid arthritis enhances the risks of clonal hematopoiesis, and that early intervention with rheumatoid arthritis patients might reduce the clonal hematopoiesis risks in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Moreover, our study provides clues for prediction of risk factors and potential mechanisms of clonal hematopoiesis.