Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome) is a neurodegenerative disease, which presents with atypical Parkinsonism or a Parkinson-plus syndrome. PSP is a tauopathy, characterized by the formation of tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles, tufted astrocytes, and glial loss, all primarily in the brainstem nuclei, basal ganglia, and frontal lobes.

In the CNS, epidural abscesses are usually categorized by location, either cranial or extracranial. Cranial epidural abscesses form outside of the arachnoid and dura mater and are most commonly caused by streptococcal species, then staphylococci, then anaerobic bacteria. Epidural abscesses are also commonly formed at or nearby the area of a surgery. In the case of these nosocomial abscesses, Pseudomonas and other species of Gram-negative bacteria are most common.

For thousands of years Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people nurtured their young, allowing natural skills to develop. Education using the powers of observation and listening was the most important process used with information being delivered to the child when they were ready to receive it. Most times this information was delivered by several members of the community. Prominent Australian Aboriginal scholar Kaye Price (2012) affirms that ‘right from the beginning there was a specialised education and for each child there was a teacher, a mentor and a peer with whom to learn … who ensured that history and the essentials of life were taught’ (p. 4). Aboriginal society was based on an egalitarian system that was holistic and emphasised belonging, spirituality, and relatedness. Learning was viewed as a natural holistic process where education was centred on the land and children learned alongside adults (Martin, 2005). The traditional epistemological system that maintained Aboriginal Nations in Australia for millennia was disrupted upon colonisation in 1788 resulting in discrimination towards Aboriginal culture and traditions (Morgan, 2019).

Monoecious or dioecious, moderate-sized to large trees, with leaves strongly ranked in flattened, frond-like evergreen sprays of regularly pectinate and regimented arrangement on all main lateral shoots and branchlets.

Tall to extremely tall and ultimately highly majestic mostly tropical lowland rainforest trees, to 30–60+ m when mature, usually eventually with an unbranched, typically straight and clear trunk for two-thirds of more of the height of the tree. They bear a large to sometimes massive evergreen crown, typically emergent high above surrounding broadleaf rainforest canopies. The presence of fallen large, leathery, stalked multi-veined leaves, elongate–cylindrical red–brown male cones and free, winged seeds fallen from dismembering female cones, all typically shed whole to the forest floor from high tree canopies, confirms the presence of Agathis, and distinguishes Agathis from other resinifera and from surrounding broadleaves.

Tolosa–Hunt syndrome (THS) was first described by Spanish neurosurgeon Edward Tolosa and later by American neurologist William E. Hunt, in 1954 and 1961, respectively, and later named after them in 1966. Tolosa–Hunt syndrome is a rare form of painful ophthalmoplegia caused by idiopathic regional inflammation of the cavernous sinus with or without associated involvement of the superior orbital fissure.

Carbon sequestration has become indispensable to achieving the sustainability objectives set out in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, within the framework of the concept of ‘net zero’ emissions targets. It includes different prospective techniques, which are nonetheless still in their infancy and not easy to implement. This contribution focuses specifically on carbon sequestration at sea as a test case, aiming to underscore the pros and cons of these measures. It is argued that implementing carbon sequestration at sea requires a cooperative approach, within a context whereby climate change necessitates a synergic rethinking of the Law of the Sea.

The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is a distinct geographic, economic and cultural area with a distinct place in the climate change landscape. Climate policy implementation to meet such Paris Agreement commitments is still incipient, with some of its countries serving as models, some as laggards and the rest positioned somewhere in between. For this reason, partnerships with regions that have advanced more in this area can prove useful. The European Union (EU)–Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC, per the acronym in Spanish) summits and the Euroclima programme are two examples. Due to its high levels of inequality and social unrest, the key challenge to implementing climate policies in LAC will be the strengthening of a political atmosphere where human rights, the rule of law and democratic values prevail.

Moderate to tall, monoecious evergreen trees, with either densely crowded imbricate scale leaves, 2–4 mm long, in opposite and decussate pairs, or with this foliar type mixed with shoots reverting irregularly to more juvenile foliage growth.

As the third most common primary brain tumor (~16%), pituitary adenomas are more common in women than in men, and are a known comorbidity of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome. Pituitary adenomas are typically categorized into “secretory,” which usually overproduce one or more hormones, or “nonsecretory,” which grow and compress adjacent structures.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired antibody-mediated autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. The pathophysiology is widely studied and overall well understood. In MG, the binding of antibodies with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and other proteins (e.g., muscle-specific kinase, MuSK) to the postsynaptic membrane result in decreased binding of Ach to the receptors and increased destruction of the receptors. There are several other antibodies found in patients with MG such as lipoprotein-related protein 4 antibodies (LRP4), titin antibodies, ryanodine receptor antibodies (RyR), and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies (VGKC); however, their prevalence is relatively low and their sensitivity and specificity to MG is still under study. Thymic lymphofolliculuar hyperplasia is common in patients with MG (70%); however, thymic tumor (thymoma) is only seen in 10% of patients. Symptoms present more commonly in women in their 20s and 30s and in men in their 50s and 60s, with overall higher prevalence in women.

Prior to the reclassification of tumors by molecular parameters in 2016, medulloblastomas were called “primitive neuroectodermal tumors.” Medulloblastomas are the most common embryonic tumor, and after astrocytoma, they are the second most common type of pediatric brain tumor (most common malignant pediatric brain tumor). Though medulloblastoma is more commonly found in adolescent boys than girls, it can also be found in young and middle-aged adults.

This chapter is about the proof of the main payment theorem for hierarchies by Karlin, Klein, and Oveis Gharan, a key piece of their better-than-3/2-approximation algorithm for Symmetric TSP. Because the proof is very long and technical, we will not give a complete proof here but rather focus on explaining the key combinatorial ideas.

This chapter is structured as follows. First, we describe the general proof strategy and prove the theorem in an idealized setting. Then we discuss a few crucial properties of λ-uniform distributions. The following sections focus on the main ideas needed to address the hurdles we ignored in the idealized setting described initially.

Finally, we show how the Karlin–Klein–Oveis Gharan algorithm can be derandomized.