As the three primary cases do not show every configuration of independent variables that should lead to failed concealing, this chapter begins with two more circumscribed explorations of failed concealing in Tanzania and Honduras. It then explores the other strategies and examines their long-term effects. Although concealing is intrinsically risky since a ruler cannot know their own state’s legibility and presence of a strong enough asymmetrically interdependent relationship until these are tested in action, these other strategies may carry even bigger risks. As such, we should expect to see rulers, especially those with reasonable patronage-based capacity but little autonomy from outsiders’ interests and interference in their domestic affairs to try to conceal unsavoury domestic practices. It is therefore important to remain mindful of the effects successful concealing can have on global norms of human rights and good governance.

Networks can get big. Really big. Examples include web crawls, online social networks, and knowledge graphs. Networks from these domains can have billions of nodes and hundreds of billions of edges. Systems biology is yet another area where networks will continue to grow. As sequencing methods continue to advance, more networks and larger, denser networks will need to be analyzed. This chapter discusses some of the challenges you face and solutions you can try when scaling up to massive networks. These range from implementation details to new algorithms and strategies to reduce the burden of such big data. Various tools, such as graph databases, probabilistic data structures, and local algorithms, are at our disposal, especially if we can accept sampling effects and uncertainty.

This chapter examines security and Australian foreign policy during 2016–2020 using two strands. It shows that Australia confronted both the ‘high politics’ issues that are the stuff of traditional foreign policy, as well as the unconventional security challenges to which Australia had to adapt. We begin by considering Australia’s conventional security politics, and the three consistent strands in Australia’s security thinking: how Australia fits into a world of super powers and the balancing act it must conduct to do so; relatedly, its alliance with the Unitd States; and Australia’s role in multilateral organisations. We then assess the so-called ‘unconventional’ security issues and their impact on Australian national security. Our analysis reveals that Australia’s responses to unconventional threats were increasingly conventional and relied on domestic tools to solve international problems. Some new threats seemed to bring international tools, like the military, to bear on domestic problems. Moreover, we demonstrate that the security environment was increasingly defined by the ‘grey zone’ – acts that reside between war and peace and take on unconventional forms.

Based on earlier empirical research, the main aim of this chapter is to argue for the importance of promoting meaning-focused coping and constructive hope in relation to climate change among young people. We start by describing the role of meaning and positive emotions like hope in the coping process and how meaning-focused coping and constructive hope are interrelated. Thereafter, we describe several aspects of meaning-focused coping in relation to the climate threat and show that this way of coping is associated with both mental well-being and climate change engagement. We also review some studies that demonstrate how collective climate engagement can give hope and meaning to young activists. The chapter also aims to discuss the practical implications of these studies, both for different groups of adults who want to communicate with youth about climate change in a constructive way (like parents and teachers) and for young people themselves. We finish the chapter by emphasizing the need for promoting critical emotional awareness where it is acknowledged that emotions and coping are not solely individual experiences but are also influenced by cultural emotion norms, gender norms, and power. The age groups in focus are adolescents and emerging adults.

This chapter introduces recursive difference equations. These equations represent discrete-time LTI systems when the so-called initial conditions are zero. The transfer functions of such LTI systems have a rational form (ratios of polynomials in z). Recursive difference equations offer a computationally efficient way to implement systems whose outputs may depend on an infinite number of past inputs. The recursive property allows the infinite past to be remembered by remembering only a finite number of past outputs. Poles and zeros of rational transfer functions are introduced, and conditions for stability expressed in terms of pole locations. Computational graphs for digital filters, such as the direct-form structure, cascade-form structure, and parallel-form structure, are introduced. The partial fraction expansion (PFE) method for analysis of rational transfer functions is introduced. It is also shown how the coefficients of a rational transfer function can be identified by measuring a finite number of samples of the impulse response. The chapter also shows how the operation of polynomial division can be efficiently implemented in the form of a recursive difference equation.

This chapter will explore the use of digital technologies to develop psychomotor procedures when learning with our bodies. This includes the use of video, images and annotations to practise technique or strategy in physical education, such as improving a cricket bowling technique, or to review and analyse team performance and gameplay following a match. It could be using video or audio to develop musical instrument technique or to improve public speaking or other acting or speaking skills in drama. It could be used to develop choreography or dance technique, or to practice speaking a new language. Psychomotor procedures are also involved in learning to form letters when writing and acquiring the manual skill of typing.

This chapter begins with a theory-based explanation of psychomotor procedures and how they are incorporated in some of the key models of knowledge such as Bloom’s Taxonomy and Marzano and Kendall’s New Taxonomy. It then considers how you can use digital tools to develop psychomotor procedures in curriculum subjects.

Not only money crossed the ocean: letters between the French orphans and their benefactors went in each direction across the Atlantic. The correspondence between France’s orphans supported through the FCFS and their American benefactors revealed both the power of the connection and the power dynamic between the recipients and the “godparents.” Letters from the fatherless children of France told of the moral and psychological support that accompanied the financial assistance that sponsorships provided. And while it seems that the correspondence helped open an ocean of hope and fostered the conviction that France was not alone in its fight against Germany, the letters from France also reflected the power dynamic of the sponsorship: those in need had to keep the assistance coming. The letters also show the FCFS at work: the instructions to the recipients of aid as to how they were to communicate with donors; the typed transcription and translations of the letters, most likely carried out by women in the Paris and New York offices; and the messaging to the benefactors, who were reminded that mothers needed money, but children cared more for the attention from a far-away friend.