During stroke reversals, insect wings interact with their own wake flow from the preceding half-stroke, resulting in an unsteady aerodynamic mechanism known as ‘wing–wake interaction’ or ‘wake capture’. To better elucidate this mechanism, we numerically solved the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations at Reynolds numbers $10^2$ and $10^3$. Simulations were conducted for wing planforms defined using the beta function distribution with varying aspect ratios ($AR=2\unicode{x2013}6$) and radial centroid locations ($\hat {r}_1=0.4\unicode{x2013}0.6$), whilst employing representative normal hovering kinematics. The wake development from the considered flapping wing planforms was investigated, and the wake capture contribution to aerodynamic force production was quantified by comparing the force generation between the fifth and first stroke cycles at multiple sections along the wingspan. Our results revealed that on the inboard wing region experiencing an attached leading-edge vortex (LEV) structure, wing–wake interaction is dominated by an unsteady downwash effect, resulting in a reduction in local force production. However, in regions closer to the wingtip experiencing detachment of the LEV, wing–wake interaction is dominated by an unsteady upwash effect, leading to an increase in local force production. Consequently, the global wake capture force production is controlled by the extent of LEV detachment, which primarily increases with the increase of wing aspect ratio. This suggests that for normal hovering flapping wings, the typical loss in translational force production due to wingtip stall is partially mitigated by wake capture effects.

In 2010, Turaev introduced knotoids as a variation on knots that replaces the embedding of a circle with the embedding of a closed interval with two endpoints which here we call poles. We define generalised knotoids to allow arbitrarily many poles, intervals and circles, each pole corresponding to any number of interval endpoints, including zero. This theory subsumes a variety of other related topological objects and introduces some particularly interesting new cases. We explore various analogs of knotoid invariants, including height, index polynomials, bracket polynomials and hyperbolicity. We further generalise to knotoidal graphs, which are a natural extension of spatial graphs that allow both poles and vertices.

Social cognition is commonly altered in people with psychosis. Two main brain networks have been implicated: the default-mode network (DMN), which is associated with socio-cognitive processing, and the salience network (SN) associated with socio-affective processing. Disturbances to the resting-state functional connectivity of these networks have been identified in schizophrenia and high-risk individuals, but there have been no studies in adolescents displaying distinct trajectories of subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). To address this, the present study measured SN and DMN resting-state connectivity in a unique longitudinally followed sample of youth (n = 92) presenting with typical and atypical 4-year PLE trajectories. Compared to the typically developing low PLE control group, the atypical increasing PLE trajectory displayed reduced connectivity between the SN and DMN, increased connectivity between left and right insula, and widespread dysconnectivity from the insula and amygdala. These alterations are similar to those reported in schizophrenia and clinical high-risk samples, suggesting that early detection may be useful for mapping the developmental trajectories of psychotic disorders.

During national emergencies, democratically elected leaders have sought to expand executive power in ways that violate democratic norms, ostensibly to guide their nation through crisis. Drawing from research on democratic backsliding, we anticipate support for such executive privileges may stem from different ideological and contextual factors, but primarily from inclinations toward ethno-nationalistic and authoritarian populism. We propose American Christian nationalism represent such inclinations. Analyses of nationally representative data reveal Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor Americans believe unspecified “national emergencies” might require leaders to suspend elections, suppress political opponents, and disregard checks and balances. However, political disinterest, stronger Democratic partisanship, and being Black (vs. White) are also positively associated with support for violating democratic norms, and these associations are amplified by Christian nationalism. Ancillary analyses suggest the interactions with race and party may be contextual, due to a Democratic President in office at the time of the survey. Findings suggest populist impulses characteristic of Christian nationalism may combine with political disinterest (perhaps reflecting disillusionment) and threats to in-group power to increase support for leaders suspending democratic norms during national crises.

Mine closure can be approached by several points of view, from the technical, engineering, ecological, up to social and governance aspects. The definition of a good mine closure should cover most, if not all, of these aspects. This article provides a review of technical and engineering-oriented research work as a partial answer to the question ‘what is good mine closure’. The article presents a ten-year research program realized in the framework of a Canada Research Chair in integration of environment in the mine life cycle. Research projects aimed at better planning mine closure and mine site reclamation from the early stages of a mining project life cycle are exposed as possible steps to strive for optimal mine waste management. At the exploration stage, geo-environmental characterization and modeling are proposed as tools to improve mine waste management planification. During mine operations, environmental desulfurization is suggested as a method to reduce environmental risks associated with sulfidic tailings and waste rock. Indeed, research has shown that acid mine drainage and metal leaching can be significantly limited via desulfurization. At the closure stage, desulfurized tailings can be used to replace at least part of natural materials used for reclamation cover systems. Research work done on other types of mine waste, such as waste rock and water treatment sludge, also show good potential for their reuse as closure material. All these tools can be integrated into the mine life cycle to better plan for closure, which ultimately will make mine closure more sustainable.

The resurgence of industrial policy is reshaping the global political economy and creating emergent formations that could help create green states. Such green states can seed a world after growth. Growth is often taken for granted as a natural purpose of states and an appropriate basis of public policy. However, it has a recent political-economic and cosmological history. This suggests that an age after growth is not only possible but likely. In the current conjuncture of crises and challenges, industrial strategies that bring together environmental, social justice, and pro-growth coalitions offer the best chance to meet climate goals and improve the prospects for inclusive prosperity globally. In addition, there is evidence that industrial policy is providing a platform to build active states, rebalance state–business relations, forge new systems of calculation, and gather cosmological resources for new action.

Broad and complex ideas about sustainability can be communicated through the Arts. Australian curriculum documents support the integration of Arts education with education for sustainability. Responding to artworks as a viewer is a key aspect of Arts education in Australian schools. Chris Jordan is a US artist whose online media galleries communicate ideas about environmental and social justice themes. This paper reports interview data from a larger project exploring children’s responses to Chris Jordan’s artworks. Conversations were held with 28 children aged between 4 and 12 as they navigated Jordan’s website to explore the images they encountered. Data relating to SDG14: Life below water were selected for the specific focus of this paper. Thematic analysis of the data revealed five themes: connections to prior experience and knowledge, links with local contexts and places, emotional engagement with the images, solutions and action-taking and ideas related to post-humanism and the human-nature binary. These findings endorse the power of Arts-based experiences for enhancing education for sustainability in primary schools and early childhood contexts.

The authors’ primary goal in this paper is to enhance the study of $T_0$ topological spaces by using the order of specialization of a $T_0$-space to introduce the lower topology (with a subbasis of closed sets $\mathord{\uparrow } x$) and studying the interaction of the original topology and the lower topology. Using the lower topology, one can define and study new properties of the original space that provide deeper insight into its structure. One focus of study is the property R, which asserts that if the intersection of a family of finitely generated sets $\mathord{\uparrow } F$, $F$ finite, is contained in an open set $U$, then the same is true for finitely many of the family. We first show that property R is equivalent to several other interesting properties, for example, the property that all closed subsets of the original space are compact in the lower topology. We then find conditions under which these spaces are compact, well-filtered, and coherent, a weaker variant of stably compact spaces. We also investigate what have been called strong $d$-spaces, develop some of their basic properties, and make connections with the earlier considerations involving spaces satisfying property R. Two key results we obtain are that if a dcpo $P$ with the Scott topology is a strong $d$-space, then it is well-filtered, and if additionally the Scott topology of the product $P\times P$ is the product of the Scott topologies of the factors, then the Scott space of $P$ is sober. We also exhibit connections of this work with de Groot duality.

We consider steady surface waves in an infinitely deep two-dimensional ideal fluid with potential flow, focusing on high-amplitude waves near the steepest wave with a 120$^{\circ }$ corner at the crest. The stability of these solutions with respect to coperiodic and subharmonic perturbations is studied, using new matrix-free numerical methods. We provide evidence for a plethora of conjectures on the nature of the instabilities as the steepest wave is approached, especially with regards to the self-similar recurrence of the stability spectrum near the origin of the spectral plane.

The concept of heightened human rights due diligence (hHRDD) is often used to address corporate responsibilities in situations of armed conflict. For companies in these contexts, the first step is to assess whether their activities impact the conflict and its dynamics, and, as a result, whether they are involved in conflict-related human rights abuses. However, companies often find that they have no impact on the conflict. Should companies in these scenarios just focus on regular human rights due diligence (HRDD)? This piece aims to illustrate, based on the example of Ukraine, the human rights challenges that emerge during a war which companies with no influence on the conflict still face and to respond to the question of whether in such situations companies should still engage in hHRDD or continue to conduct HRDD as usual.

We construct a new stochastic interest rate model with two stochastic factors, by introducing a stochastic long-run equilibrium level into the Vasicek interest rate model which follows another Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. With the interest rate under the Black–Scholes model being assumed to follow the newly proposed model, a closed-form representation of European option prices is successfully presented, when the analytical characteristic function of the underlying log-price under a forward measure is derived. To assess the model performance, a preliminary empirical study is conducted using S&P 500 index and its options, with the Vasicek model and an alternative two-factor Vasicek model taken as benchmarks.

Rapid, unpredictable ecological changes and the resulting instability that are characteristic of the Anthropocene call for a re-examination of the role of law in governing interactions between humans and ecosystems and facilitating adaptation to ecological change. The scope and scale of environmental change we are experiencing seem to call for a regulatory approach, namely forms of law that are designed to pursue well-defined material objectives, often through instruction rules designed to guide behavior to line up with those objectives. Such forms of law have a crucial role to play. However, the negligence principle at the heart of civil liability law is also capable of absorbing and circulating information about environmental risk and means of addressing it, and of translating that information from empirical to normative terms. The grounding of negligence in domestic civil liability law could be a serious obstacle to its effectiveness given the global, Earth system-wide nature of environmental degradation. However, the negligence principle increasingly operates through networks that traverse jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the boundaries between social systems. I propose such a network approach to analyze interactions between the negligence principle and corporate due diligence obligations embedded in domestic legislation and international texts such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). One important result would be the imposition of expanded epistemic obligations on firms, which would in turn require their serious engagement with domestic, international, and transnational environmental and sustainability norms.

Early modern London was multilingual, and early modern urban life was shaped by linguistic diversity. This article draws on the multilingual archives of Elizabethan London's ‘stranger churches’ – Protestant congregations which catered to the needs of French-, Dutch- and Italian-speaking migrants (among others) – to explore how linguistic diversity shaped social relations. These sources offer insights into the everyday multilingualism of the early modern city. They demonstrate London's migrant communities’ intense interest in what people said and why, and show how different languages and their speakers interacted on the streets and in the spaces of later sixteenth-century London. By charting how linguistic diversity was part of the lives of ordinary Londoners in this period, including close examination of incidents of multilingual insult, slander, and conflict, this article argues that the civic and religious authorities relied on the stranger churches’ abilities to carry out surveillance of speech in languages other than English, and that urban social relations and urban spaces were shaped by multilingualism. It ends by arguing that linguistic diversity played an essential but understudied role in the social history of early modern cities.

Studies of early mythography have stressed the dependent relationship between the so-called logographers and epic archaic poetry. Better knowledge of archaic and classical mythography in recent years has provided more accurate details of the context of the production and purposes of the fragmentary works by Hecataeus, Acusilaus, Pherecydes and Hellanicus. Each of them has his own agenda and programme, which have to be explained within their context and not, from a purely historic-literary perspective, as an appendix, a continuation or an exegesis of the epic tradition. This article argues that conditions of preservation, and means of transmission, of fragmentary mythographers have shaped the way we approach them. In other words, the process of reception of epic poetry through the exegetic and grammarian tradition distorts our view and leads the modern reader to see mythography as being dependent on Homer or Hesiod.

This work describes a hyperbolic model for cell-cell repulsion with population dynamics. We consider the pressure produced by a population of cells to describe their motion. We assume that cells try to avoid crowded areas and prefer locally empty spaces far away from the carrying capacity. Here, our main goal is to prove the existence of travelling waves with continuous profiles. This article complements our previous results about sharp travelling waves. We conclude the paper with numerical simulations of the PDE problem, illustrating such a result. An application to wound healing also illustrates the importance of travelling waves with a continuous and discontinuous profile.