This chapter discusses the development and application of international humanitarian law (IHL) and its interrelationship with human rights law. It further examines this special relationship, which is of particular importance for the protection of civilians, especially where the applicability of IHL is contested or where IHL constitutes an exception to certain rights, such as the right to life, or fails to prevent and/or provide effective remedies for violations. The chapter seeks to identify the scope of application of IHL and demonstrate the degree to which the two can be reconciled. Moreover, a special case is made for the law applicable in situations of military occupation whereby human rights are subordinate to IHL. Despite this subordination, in practice because international human rights tribunals are not mandated to apply humanitarian law they necessarily interpret and enforce the rights of the victims on the basis of the rights found in their respective statutes. As a result, the jurisprudence of human rights tribunals is not always consistent with IHL. Yet, such tribunals are hard pressed to accept jurisdiction over situations which would otherwise be resolved on the basis of IHL alone. This chapter therefore goes on to discuss the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction by human rights tribunals.

When Keystone Historic Buildings Consultants of Exeter surveyed the sixteenth century farmhouse Broomham, in Kings Nympton, in 1995, and I assisted with documentary research, we became aware of the remarkable description of it by Robert Furse (c.1530-1593), in the book of information he compiled for his fledgling son, when he himself knew he had not long to live. In particular we thought the information about buildings notable, and that it was well worth transcription, and that the Devon Buildings Group might be interested in publishing it in some form. When the Devon and Cornwall Record Society expressed an interest, we were pleased at the prospect of wider distribution. This is not merely a Devon text; it has a wider interest for historians of Tudor England.

Dr Jo Cox and John Thorp of Keystone have been unfailingly helpful and supportive of the project with travel, photographs and advice, and I am deeply grateful to Sandi Ellison for assistance with typing, formatting and general technology beyond my capacity. I have had help thoughout from the staff of the Devon Record Office, the Westcountry Studies Library and the Devon and Exeter Institution. Bevan Ashford, solicitors, Tiverton, successors to Penny and Harward who deposited the document in Devon Record Office in 1975 (D2507), confirm they have no record of ownership of the document.

Thanks are due to Mr and Mrs David Smith, the current owners of Moorshead, for making both the ruins of Furse's house, and their collection of historic material, available to us. Mrs Phoebe Woollcombe kindly allowed us to photograph the watercolour of Furse's house, Moorshead, in her family possession, and the Western Morning News agreed that we might use the drawing which appeared in the newspaper in 1937. The Revd D. J. Rowland, whose ministry includes Dean Prior, gave permission for the photograph of Furse's tombstone. The map of Devon showing the whereabouts of Robert Furse's properties has been prepared by Brett Humphries.

Finally, I would like to thank Dr Oliver Padel for his patient help and guidance in steering me through the final stages of preparing this volume for publication.

Disinformation is widespread and harmful, epistemically and practically. We are currently facing a global information crisis that the Secretary-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared an ‘infodemic’.1 Furthermore, crucially, there are two key facets to this crisis (i.e. two ways in which disinformation spreads societal ignorance): one concerns the widespread sharing of disinformation (e.g. fake cures, health superstitions, conspiracy theories, political propaganda, etc.), especially online and via social media, which contributes to dangerous and risky political and social behaviour. Separately, though at least as critical in the wider infodemic we face, is the prevalence of resistance to evidence: even when the relevant information available is reliably sourced and accurate, many information consumers fail to take it on board or otherwise resist or discredit it due to the rising lack of trust and scepticism generated by the polluted epistemic environment (i.e. by the ubiquity of disinformation). What we need, then, is an understanding of how to help build and sustain more resilient trust networks in the face of disinformation. To this effect, we need a better understanding of the nature and mechanisms of disinformation and of the triggers of evidence resistance.

The ontogeny of native Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis has been debated over the past decade, with most agreeing that such LCs are now best classified as specialized resident-tissue macrophages derived from the embryonic yolk sac that have a self-renewal capacity in the steady state, along with migratory dendritic cell (DC)–like properties (albeit with much slower migration as compared to conventional or classic DCs [cDCs]) (1). The diversity of the epidermal pool of resident and inflammatory macrophages and DCs may be greater than previously realized – with LCs, monocyte-derived LC-like cells, and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs) all acting as human antigen-presenting cells (1).