As Perelman suggests, rhetoric has always been concerned with understanding the basic nature of an audience. Considering this view, the perennial question posed by rhetoric might be: How does one discourse properly with an audience? Using the terminology supplied by Bitzer, this query might be rephrased to read: How does one “uncover and make available the public knowledge needed in our time and give body and voice to the universal public”. Of key importance is that the rhetorician must secure a base of knowledge that will allow communication to commence between a speaker and an audience. If discourse is to be successful a speaker must address an audience in a style that can be understood, and therefore must substantiate all social intercourse on knowledge that is “public” or held in common. At first this might sound quite pedestrian, yet throughout the history of rhetoric this assumption has proven to be quite problematic.

Weathering of minerals often produces intimate mixtures of reactants and products in a smaller volume than that explored by an electron microprobe. As a result, many microanalyses are difficult to decipher because they are composite analyses of mixtures. A procedure to resolve such microanalyses into their component parts was applied here to data obtained in a study of the weathering of muscovite and biotite in granite gneiss and associated soils. A key element oxide content (K2O, in the examples demonstrated) was plotted against Si/Al ratio for all data. This achieved a spread of points having an external shape depending on the compositions of the pure phases present in the various mixtures analyzed. In all probability, some of the microanalyses consisted of only a single phase, or almost so, and these points were located at or near extremities of the body of data. The aim of subsequent treatment was to encompass the data within boundary curves, each of which corresponded to mixtures of any two of the pure phases present. The chemical compositions of some phases, for example, kaolinite and muscovite, are known, and boundary curves for such mixtures were calculated directly. The compositions of unknown or suspected phases, however, were estimated from the graph of K2O content against Si/Al ratio, in conjunction with graphs of the other element oxide contents plotted against Si/Al ratio. The unknown compositions were subsequently refined by successive approximations. Data in the vicinity of the boundary curves were adjusted for the presence of free iron oxides containing structural Al. Once a satisfactory set of intersecting boundary curves was developed to encompass the data, the compositions of the major phases in each system were obtained, and the diagram of boundary curves was used to estimate the relative proportions of these phases at each point analyzed by the microprobe.

57Fe Mössbauer spectra obtained at room temperature and 78 K for natural Mg-saturated, Ca-saturated, and benzidinium-intercalated vermiculite having a high tetrahedral iron content are presented. For all samples the spectra were computer-fitted with five overlapping doublets, representing Fe in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. One doublet has parameters consistent with the weathered ilmenite known to be present as inclusions. For the intercalated vermiculite, the δ value of the doublet assigned to the tetrahedral Fe3+ increased with respect to the untreated sample, suggesting that the electron densities about the Fe sites had decreased following intercalation. A charge movement from the silicate layers towards the interlayer monovalent benzidinium ions is also implied. The direction of this charge movement is opposite to that found when blue monopositive radical cations form on montmorillonite surfaces. The Mössbauer evidence suggests the absence of an interlayer-Fe3+ complex.

Faltings ringed topos, the keystone of Faltings’ approach to p-adic Hodge theory for a smooth variety over a local field, relies on the choice of an integral model, and its good properties depend on the (logarithmic) smoothness of this model. Inspired by Deligne’s approach to classical Hodge theory for singular varieties, we establish a cohomological descent result for the structural sheaf of Faltings topos, which makes it possible to extend Faltings’ approach to any integral model, that is, without any smoothness assumption. An essential ingredient of our proof is a variation of Bhatt–Scholze’s arc-descent of perfectoid rings.

Saponite crystallizes from amorphous gel having an ideal saponite composition within 7 days at all experimental temperatures between 300° and 550°C at 1 kbar pressure. Reactions subsequent to this initial crystallization vary in type and degree, depending on the temperature of reaction and the type of interlayer cation. Above 450°C, the intitially crystallized K-saponite dissolves, and talc and phlogopite nucleate and grow as discrete phases. At 450°C the initial K-saponite reacts to form talc and phlogopite layers, but the reaction proceeds via intracrystalline layer transformations rather than via dissolution and precipitation, producing a mixture of fully ordered, interstratified talc/saponite and fully ordered saponite/phlogopite. The K-saponite shows subtle signs of reaction at 400°C after 200 days: this temperature is at least 150°C lower than experimental reaction temperatures previously reported for saponites. No reactions beyond the initial crystallization of saponite were observed below 400°C. K-saponite reacts more rapidly than either Na-saponite or Ca-saponite above 400°C, and the Na-saponite and Ca-saponite produce no mica layers during their transformation to mixed-layer clays. Interstratified talc/saponite formed in the Na-saponite system, and the Ca-saponite system produced both talc/saponite and chlorite/saponite.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns for many interstratified mica/glycolated smectites were calculated by changing combinations of probabilities and transition probabilities of two-component layers. Three basal XRD reflections, 5. l°–7.6°2θ (p1), 8.9°–10.2°2θ (p2), and 16.1°–17.2°2θ (p3) were selected for the quantification curves. A distinct relationship exists between Δ2θ, (p2–p1) and Δ2θ2 (p3–p2) which shows systematic changes with expandability at constant Reichweite values. The calculated values were plotted with Δ2θ1 and Δ2θ2 as the axes of coordinates, and quantification curves were calculated. The components and stacking parameters of mica/smectites were estimated easily using this diagram. Probabilities of existence of component layers and their transition probabilities for Reichweite (R=0) and (R=l) structures, and special cases of R=2 and R=3 structures were obtained.

If we attempt to unify the theoretical efforts that appreciate a specific social activity in play, we can sketch the perspective of an entire anthropology of play into cohesive parts deriving from the knowledge of collective experience. This preoccupation is, in fact, two-fold. On the one hand is the comprehensive description of the relationship between life styles and their stylizations in everyday practices and customs as well as in cultural works, and on the other are social sensitivities and representations that are relatively shared by individuals grouped in human communities. This very general framework encourages situating the presence of play as one of the concrete manifestations of an emotional core, converting primitively negative impulses into attractive forces which, because of this, becomes the seat of all human interaction and agitation, the energetic heart of social power.

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget devoted his life to following, step by step and lovingly, the development in children of the art of reasoning. In the course of the successive stages of this development, the child's view of the world changes in nature. Similarly, from its earliest infancy, medicine has viewed living things in successively different manners. For medicine, it is true, the stages overlap; one may still be using an ancient discourse from which another has daringly freed itself. Nevertheless, for the sake of clarity in this analysis, I will try to define successive epistemological attitudes as if they had represented a regular progression of medical thinking.

The survival of some masterpieces of literature across the ages is still an unexplained mystery. Deeply rooted in their time, they reflect the preoccupations of a given historical period and have an impact, by means of their testimony, on future generations. They bring into play images, drives and phantoms which have remained unchanged from prehistoric time to our day. The perfection of their form has remained unequaled; their examples incite us to meditation and creativity.

Cis-1,4-polyisoprene latex (IRL) is the best alternative to natural rubber latex (NRL), and can help to avoid human allergic reactions caused by proteins in NRL. The mechanical properties of IRL are inferior to those of NRL, however. To address this issue, a novel strategy was developed using an in situ solution emulsification to prepare a latex composite incorporating sodium montmorillonite (Na-Mnt). The properties of the latex film prepared were investigated. The dispersion state of the Mnt in the latex composites and the morphology of the resulting composite films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the mechanism of Mnt reinforcement of IRL is described comprehensively. The results showed that the Mnt/IRL latex composites prepared were stable and excellent films were formed, similar to those of NRL. The current research provided an effective method for preparing high-performance composite films suitable for use in high-end medical applications.

Many authors have considered the ethical dilemmas of a doctor being both the treating physician and expert witness in litigation. The debate has often focused on the potential for bias and the adverse impact being an expert witness can have on the therapeutic alliance. Much of this debate seems rooted in the ethic of non-maleficence. In this article we attempt to examine the other end of this ethical quandary. Using a pragmatic approach, we explore these conflicts and consider biases from other sources. Ultimately, taking on the mantle of both roles is becoming increasingly unavoidable. Hence we argue that, although there are challenges, embracing this dual role can be an important part of holistic treatment, risk management and the pursuit of the ethical principle of justice.

The percentage of expandable layers in illite/smectite (I/S) mixed-layer clay decreases with increasing temperature and depth in a section through marine Cretaceous shales in the Champlin 1 Hartley Federal well in the Powder River basin, Wyoming. This systematic change in I/S expandability is evidence that low-expandable I/S in Cretaceous shales of the northern Rocky Mountain area reflects, at least in part, thermal alteration during burial diagenesis. In eastern Montana and western North Dakota where I/S in the Lower Cretaceous Mowry and Skull Creek source rocks is diagenetically unaltered, only trace amounts of hydrocarbons have been found in the Lower Cretaceous and other Cretaceous sandstones. Elsewhere in the northern Rocky Mountain-Great Plains region, hydrocarbons in the Lower Cretaceous Muddy Sandstone and its equivalents occur within or immediately adjacent to areas in which I/S clay in the Mowry and Skull Creek shales has been diagenetically altered during burial. Altered I/S and thermally mature organic matter, as defined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis values, coexist in these source rocks. Both may be used as maturation indicators in the search for Cretaceous-source hydrocarbons in the northern Rocky Mountain area.

Moral judgments are shaped by socialization and cultural heritage. Understanding how moral considerations vary across the globe requires the systematic development of moral stimuli for use in different cultures and languages. Focusing on Dutch populations, we adapted and validated two recent instruments for examining moral judgments: (1) the Moral Foundations Vignettes (MFVs) and (2) the Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID). We translated all 120 MFVs from English into Dutch and selected 120 images from SMID that primarily display moral, immoral, or neutral content. A total of 586 crowd-workers from the Netherlands provided over 38,460 individual judgments for both stimuli sets on moral and affective dimensions. For both instruments, we find that moral judgments and relationships between the moral foundations and political orientation are similar to those reported in the US, Australia, and Brazil. We provide the validated MFV and SMID images, along with associated rating data, to enable a broader study of morality.

Quasi-spherical particles (7-µm mean diameter) were prepared from cross-linked hydroxy-Al-montmorillonite (basal spacing =15.3 and 18.6 Å) by spray-drying. These particles (SP-CLM) were used as a packing material for columns in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aromatic phosphate esters, chlorosubstituted phenyl-ureas, monosubstituted benzenes, and the o-, m-, and p-isomers of disubstituted benzenes were separated on the columns, using isopropanol and hexane. Alkyl and alkoxy groups in the solute molecules sterically hindered the interaction of these molecules with the solid phase. The retention of the isomers of disubstituted benzenes that possess one electronegative (or dipolar) and one nonpolar substituent increased in the order: o- < m- < p-. In contrast, for all investigated disubstituted benzenes containing two electronegative (or dipolar) substituents, the o-isomer was retained on the 18.6-Å SP-CLM more strongly than the m- and p-isomers. The chromatographic data suggest that the strength of the interaction of phenolic groups with the solid phase increased with the acidity of these groups. The o-isomers of phenols that contained an additional electronegative (or dipolar) substituent displayed an exceptionally strong adsorption. The capacity of the o-isomers of disubstituted benzenes containing two electronegative (or dipolar) substituents to form chelates with Al probably was responsible for the strong retention of such o-isomers compared with the retention of the corresponding m- and p-isomers.

Cross-linked hydroxy-Al-montmorillonite acted as a strong and selective adsorbent for many families of organic compounds. It was used successfully as the solid phase in HPLC separations with eluents ranging from nonpolar (e.g., hexane) to highly polar (e.g., water).

In recent years, many microrobots have been developed for search applications using swarms in places where humans cannot enter, such as disaster sites. Hexapod robots are suitable for moving over uneven terrain. In order to use micro-hexapod robots for swarm exploration, it is necessary to reduce the robot’s size while maintaining its rigidity. Herein, we propose a micro-hexapod with an SU-8 rigid frame that can be assembled from a single sheet. By applying the SU-8 coating as a structure to the hexapod and increasing the rigidity, the substrate size can be reduced to within 40 mm × 40 mm and the total length when assembled to approximately 30 mm. This enables the integration of the micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) process into small and inexpensive hexapod robots. In this study, we assembled the hexapod with a rigid frame from a sheet created using the MEMS process and evaluated the leg motion.