Gravitational plane waves and their detection start the chapter off in parallel with electromagnetic plane waves and their detection. Geodesic deviation is reviewed and allows for a brief introduction to LIGO. The stress tensor source of radiation (and therefore, at least local, plane waves) and its conservation of energy and momentum are tied to the radiation solution of the linearized form of Einstein’s equation. A highlight is the role of gauge freedom in making gravitational plane waves physically relevant (by gauge fixing to reveal the underlying plus and cross polarizations). Power loss to gravitational radiation is discussed in the linearized limit by comparison with electric quadrupole radiation.

In this chapter I present my reconstruction of Kant’s theory in more detail. One important aspect is Kant’s insistence that the feeling of pleasure is not to be understood as a sensation, occasioned or caused by the representation of an object and separate from the sensations that are involved in the representation. I analyze Kant’s often neglected argument for this claim in § 3 of the Critique and conclude that his view is best understood as an ‘attitudinal’ theory: if a representation satisfies the a priori principle or interest of a faculty, we adopt an attitude of preferring or desiring to have that representation in our mind; equivalently, we say that the representation is purposive for the faculty. In this way the transcendental definition of pleasure, which characterizes the feeling as the tendency of a representation to be maintained in the mind, and the theory of pleasure as interest satisfaction are combined.

Ventilatory Limitation

Either the patient or the responsible clinician can stop a cardiopulmonary exercise test. In either case, whether a test has been taken to completion or has required early termination, it is important to understand and document the reasons.

Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) has been one of the cornerstones of geriatric medicine since its introduction by Marjory Warren in 1936. This kind of assessment is defined as a multidimensional and multidisciplinary process related to identifying medical, social, and functional needs and developing an integrated care plan designed to meet the patien’st needs.The practice and applications of CGA have been used to various degrees in mainstream care for older people in the UK and internationally.

Some limitations still exist around the wider implementation of CGA, as its practice relies on members of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and on an effective communication between them, the patients, and their families. This kind of assessment has been criticised for not adequately acknowledging frailty and for not using patient-reported outcome measures to test its efficacy.

Randomised controlled studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses provided considerable evidence for the clinical and financial effectiveness of CGA in various hospital specialties. However, there are still concerns about the generalisability of CGA in community settings. Further research to identify target populations for CGA-led interventions and a consensus on outcome measures are required to realise CGA benefits.

In this chapter we describe required skills and practical tips to deliver CGA across a variety of settings.

Dementia is a syndrome associated with an ongoing decline of brain function. It is common among older in-patients. Hospital admissions tend to be due to comorbid conditions rather than the dementia itself. Falls, infections, poor nutrition, dehydration, and delirium affect the length of stay and the functioning of patients with dementia. Without a timely diagnosis of the dementia and its associated clinical features, patients can experience adverse outcomes, which cause care home admissions instead of a discharge home. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, assessment, and treatment of dementia in a general hospital setting.

This chapter discusses the problem of de-quantization. Starting with some given quantum space defined through a matrix configuration, a general procedure is developed which allows to associate a manifold and further geometrical structure underlying the given quantum space.

Thoroughly revised and expanded, the new edition of this established textbook equips readers with a robust and practical understanding of experimental fluid mechanics. Enhanced features include improved support for students with emphasis on pedagogical instruction and self-learning, end-of-chapter summaries, 127 examples, 165 problems, refined illustrations, as well as new coverage of techniques in digital photography, frequency analysis of signals and the measurement of forces. It describes comprehensively classical and modern methods for flow visualisation and measuring flow rate, pressure, velocity, temperature, concentration, forces and wall shear stress, alongside supporting material on system response, measurement uncertainty, signal analysis, data analysis, optics, laboratory apparatus and laboratory practice. With enhanced instructor resources, including lecture slides, additional problems, laboratory support materials and online solutions, this is the ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying experimental fluid mechanics and is also suitable for an introductory measurements laboratory. Moreover, it is a valuable resource for practising engineers and scientists in this area.

Traumatic events, because they affect people’s social identities and group memberships, can ultimately impact their psychological outcomes after trauma. Traumatic events that consolidate social identities can provide a platform for resilience and even give hope for the future. Trauma that is seen as a shared experience can offer a new basis for connecting to others in difficult times. This can also be a source of resilience. This chapter delves into existing new and multiple group memberships as a foundation for resilience. The role of changes in group memberships and degree of connections to these groups on psychological outcomes after trauma is reviewed. Paying attention to political dimensions, the impact of shifts in the value placed on groups and identities by changing social and political circumstances is also considered. The chapter concludes that changes in social identities and group memberships are a powerful determinant of psychological adjustment to trauma.

Good communication lies at the heart of health care. It is key to preventing hospital admission, providing appropriate treatment, and facilitating early discharge. Physical, physiological, sensory, psychological, and social changes associated with ageing impact on communicatio,n so that more time and patience may be needed in encounters with older adults.

This chapter explores factors related to communication: factors that affect the professional, factors that affect the patient, environmental factors, factors in the social context, and non-verbal communication. We examine the impact of advancing age and the needs of particular populations, including people with protected characteristics and people with dementia. Language and communication are a major concern in providing services for black and minority ethnic elders. We explore the need to approach people with sensitivity and understanding.

Older people often present with multiple comorbidities. There is a dynamic interaction between physical and mental health; the two may be impossible to separate. Integrated working and effective liaison between professionals and agencies facilitate person-centred care. In direct communication with older people and their family carers, listening is as important as sharing information.

We include two reflective cases to aid personal learning and conclude with tips to improve communication with older adults and with people with dementia.