Yoon Sun Lee discusses how Enlightenment understandings of race shaped ideas about inheritance, such that property ownership came to be understood in racialized terms and race came to be understood in economic terms. Burke’s and Kant’s writings about heritability thus shed light on the doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem, whereby, as Lee puts it, “enslaved women of African descent bore children who counted not as population that could inherit things but as property that could be inherited by others, on the basis of a color that had to be ascribed or assumed as the material sign of a legal condition.”

Kajol-di, then the secretary of Durbar, sent word through one of the peer educators (PEs) that she wanted to see me some time that morning. It was my last day in the field in December 2018, and I was taking turns visiting each of the three Durbar offices to say my goodbyes. I arrived at the Nilmani Mitra Street office and then proceeded to her office. We knew each other since I started my fieldwork in 2011 and she greeted me with her familiar warmth. After exchanging some itinerary logistics about when I would leave, whether I planned to return next year, how long was my flight, and so on, Kajol-di finally divulged why she wanted to see me. She had agreed to do an interview with a new initiative in Kolkata known as the Human Library, an international initiative to archive human experiences as texts. Kajol-di as the leader of Durbar was accustomed to public talks, but, she always “feels a little nervous when it comes to talking to people outside.” Her specific concern this time, and for which she was seeking my input, was how much detail she would want to share about her past, especially that she was “kind of trafficked” and also arrested thrice by the police during raids.

I was familiar with her life trajectory. That day when she began recounting her life again, I did not interrupt. These biographies, as I showed previously, are often broken and winding, and the possibility of previously untold fragments appearing is rather high. Kajol-di was abandoned by her husband when she was seven months pregnant with her daughter. “He went away with this other woman in our village,” she told me. At that time, she lived in Murshidabad, where she found a job in the region's well-known silk cottage industry. The industry was dominated by men, and soon Kajol-di found herself to be the object of gossip in her village as the only female worker. “People started questioning my character,” she recalled, and it became onerous for her to continue working there. Desperate to provide for her daughter, Kajol-di was glad when a woman in her village offered to employ her as a domestic help.

This chapter will guide a candidate in the core trauma topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter deals with trauma questions providing high quality clinical based SBA questions that provide up to date current thinking in trauma and detailed explanations of management plans along with an evidence based approach to the most appropriate answer.

The chapter explores Hamas’s strategic analysis and study of Israel and the IDF. As part of its intelligence warfare, Hamas strove to increase its knowledge of the enemy. This chapter describes Hamas’s accumulation of intelligence about Israeli weaponry, IDF units, Israeli battlefield tactics, operational training, and so on. The organization particularly sought information about the capabilities of Israeli armored vehicles in order to inform its use of anti-tank weaponry. The chapter also illustrates how Hamas disseminated this knowledge in its ranks. This chapter goes on to analyze Hamas’s operational preparations for war after Israel’s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. Further, it examines Hamas’s ongoing assessment of the possibility and characteristics of a large-scale Israeli attack, and in particular the analysis of the Israeli political and social situation used by Hamas in order to form such an assessment. In this manner, the chapter discusses the influence of Hamas’s “enemy image” of Israel – an image based on the organization’s Palestinian Islamic ideology as well as its interpretation of events and social processes in Israel – on the organization’s assessment of its enemy. The chapter also sheds light on the organization’s difficulties in strategic analysis of Israel.

Our realist commitment to both Christology and biology entails that the Theandric One, the God–Human, Jesus Christ, came into an evolutionary world. This entailment drives us to seek a way that preserves both essential theological doctrines and foundational facts of evolutionary biology. After showing in Chapters 5 and 6 how this might be done regarding the Incarnational doctrines of Jesus’s life and resurrection, we must now broaden our inquiry to analyze several important features of this evolutionary world that provide larger context for understanding the intersection of the Incarnation with evolutionary theory.

Several versions of ‘social Darwinism’ flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, along with ideologies derived from non-Darwinian evolution theories. They exploited discoveries of fossil hominids including Neanderthals and the Piltdown fraud to construct rival explanations of the emergence of human characteristics that might shape social development. The linear hierarchy of races erected in the nineteenth century remained the basis of many popular accounts, even though professional anthropologists began to turn their backs on it. Ideologies based on national or racial competition were advocated even by writers who did not accept the Darwinian theory of competition within populations. Fear of racial degeneration fuelled the eugenics movement’s calls for the elimination of ‘harmful’ characters, although the input from genetics encouraged an analogy with artificial rather than natural selection.

Focusing on the intricate world of spatial data management, this chapter offers an in-depth analysis of how spatial data management tasks, specifically in the context of pathology imaging applications, are approached and optimized on traditional CPU-based computing platforms versus GPU-accelerated platforms. Employing a case-study methodology, the chapter not only delves into the specifics of these applications but also extrapolates broader methodologies and strategies for leveraging advanced hardware to enhance application performance.

This chapter turns to the structure of the tax compliance system and how it attempts to address high-end noncompliance. It begins by situating the tax compliance rules within the broader tax system. The discussion considers what they share with all tax rules and what sets them apart. The following sections begin a more detailed dive into the structure of the tax compliance system. After addressing what motivates taxpayers to comply with the tax law, the discussion considers the main components of the tax compliance system, and how these components leverage taxpayer motivations to improve compliance. With this important context on the tax compliance system established, the discussion then returns to the challenges of high-end noncompliance. The final part of this chapter describes the two most prominent approaches in current law and reform proposals. The first general approach is to increase funding of the Internal Revenue Service so it can more effectively deter noncompliance and recover unpaid taxes. The second general approach is what this book terms “activity-based” rules, targeting the specific taxpayer activities that can either indicate or enable tax noncompliance.

Chapter 4 begins the detailed case study of Jordan. It first provides important background information on the country and reviews academic literature explaining the monarchy’s durability over the past century. It then draws on my elite interviews and other country-specific sources to explain how Jordan’s policymaking process functions. The chapter shows that the Jordanian king does grant meaningful decision-making influence to political elites in the cabinet and parliament, even though this delegation can result in policies that do not reflect the monarch’s preferences and can increase potential elite threats against the monarchy. The chapter also provides evidence that this delegation is intentionally used by the monarchs as a blame avoidance strategy. Interviews with senior decision-makers, including former chiefs of the royal court and prime ministers, reveal that the monarchy is aware that its reputation is likely to suffer if the king governs more directly and attracts more blame for the public’s grievances. This awareness is also reflected in how the Jordanian educational system teaches students about the decision-making process, and in the monarch’s willingness to share power more credibly for economic and social issues rather than foreign policy and security issues.

Chapter 11 chronicles the efforts of Nigeria’s colonial government to construct and consolidate an effective administrative and legal system, detailing the numerous challenges faced in this endeavor. This “system” of law of order was not singular, varying from region to region, nor was it static. Over the colonial period, its legal, judicial, and law enforcement systems would evolve to better suit the wants and needs of the British Empire. Once an aspect of this system is explained, the chapter explores their broader impact on the pre-existing Indigenous institutions and people.