This will guide a candidate in the hip questions and topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. Up to date information, higher order SBA questions and detailed explanations along with an evidence based approach to the most appropriate answer.

Chapter 7 scrutinizes how Congress’s internal resources impact the quantity and quality of information received by committees. Amid concerns over diminishing congressional capacity and the waning role of support agencies, the chapter explores the repercussions of downsizing initiatives – such as the elimination of the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) – on committee information channels. Employing a difference-in-differences research design, the study reveals a stark decline in technical and scientific witnesses invited by committees heavily reliant on internally produced information post-OTA elimination. The findings underscore the critical role of robust congressional capacity in summoning research-based witnesses, emphasizing its pivotal significance in ensuring legislators’ access to vital scientific and technical insights.

This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of main memory, considering both its architectural aspects and its critical role in systems software. The discussion includes the utilization of physical memory addresses as a linkage mechanism, connecting programs in virtual space to their corresponding execution spaces in the cache and main memory. The chapter also presents advancements in CPU and memory products, elucidating their relevance to memory management. Additionally, it introduces the concept of the OS buffer cache and the development of a key–value store at the user level, highlighting their significance in the broader context of data management systems.

This introductory chapter notes the expansion of interest in the history of popular science and its role in shaping the relationship between science and society. It outlines the elements needed to understand how science is popularized, including the work of both scientists and media figures. The chapter then shows how historians now interpret the rise of evolutionism, noting that Darwin’s theory of natural selection was at first challenged by rival views of how evolution works with very different implications for the ascent of life, not all compatible with the image of the ‘tree of life’. The application of these ideas to human origins and to ideologies based on social evolution is noted for its potential impact on how the theory was perceived. All of these positions need to be taken into account to understand how the topic was displayed to the wider public.

Black communities in the United States experience disproportionate rates of adverse health. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of culturally sensitive, empowerment-focused health promotion programs in Black communities anchored in the community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach and/or the patient-centered culturally sensitive health care (PC-CSHC) model. One program is the Health-Smart Holistic Health Program for Black Seniors, which is an ongoing, multiyear program designed to promote physical activity and health eating and reduce social isolation, food insecurity, and financial insecurity among older Black adults in low-income communities. The second program is the Health-Smart for Weight Loss Program, which is a cluster randomized controlled trial targeting Black women with obesity that tested (a) the impact of evidence-based, patient-empowerment-focused weight loss program and (b) the comparative effectiveness of a patient-centered culturally sensitive weight loss maintenance program versus a standard behavioral weight loss maintenance program. The results support use of patient-centered, culturally sensitive, and community-based participatory approaches to improve health outcomes in Black communities.

A special regime is a subpart of the international legal system. This is why, in international legal discourse, there are several different conceptions of a special regime. For the same reason as lawyers disagree about the proper definition of the concept of international law, not only do they have different conceptions of an international legal system but they also assume different definitions of the concept of a special regime. There are considerable differences among the different conceptions of a special regime. This observation raises questions about their relative utility. Chapter 1 suggests the adoption of the conception that characterizes special regimes as communities of practice – as it helps to manage and control the effect of legal fragmentation compared to other conceptions.

The summer of 2012 was unusually busy in Sonagachi. It was marked by three events that catapulted the sex workers into a tangle of imperial feminism, immobility, and insubordination. They found themselves – unwittingly and unwillingly – at the global center. That summer was first marked by Gloria Steinem's “Learning Tour” to India in April. Steinem's visit was arranged by Ruchira Gupta, the founder-president of Apne Aap Worldwide and Apne Aap International, the abolitionist NGO in India. For Steinem, the “trip [to Sonagachi] was life changing.” She found it “very hard to look at women – or men – treated as if they were objects, as if they have no feelings, no will of their own. Their phrase in many countries is ‘survival sex’.”

Steinem's visit was followed by Hillary Clinton’s, then the US secretary of state. Uma Das, the youth coordinator of Apne Aap at the time, urged Clinton to wear a wristband that stated: “Cool Men Don't Buy Sex.” She promptly agreed, and, as Ruchira Gupta, reported, “Then she asked everyone in the room to wear the band too. Soon, the entire diplomatic corps, members of the Secret Service and even the travelling press corps were wearing a wristband. Next day, most newspapers published photographs of this.” “Cool Men Don't Buy Sex” is an abolitionist campaign launched by Apne Aap in 2011 (Figure 4.1), and in 2017, Ashley Judd too wore the wristband, again upon the request of Uma Das. Clinton also visited Kolkata and attended a performance by sex workers’ children at the Indian Council for Cultural Relations usually known as the Rabindranath Tagore Centre. Notably, Steinem is a Clinton feminist (Dowd 2016). So, the interest of the two white women in India signals a particular kind of feminism, one of the key themes in this chapter.

Later in July, the International AIDS Society organized the 19th International AIDS Conference or AIDS 2012, themed, “Turning the Tide Together: A Declaration to End AIDS Epidemic.” It was hosted by the US for the first time in 22 years, in Washington, DC. However, sex workers from Sonagachi and elsewhere alongside intravenous drug users (IDUs) could not travel to the US to participate given the “ineligibilities” listed in Section 212(a), “Inadmissible Aliens,” of the Immigration and National Security Act as follows:

New book series and magazines were founded in the 1870s and helped to publicize evolutionism. Many popular accounts focused on the ascent of life, still portraying it as a linear development toward humanity. They often used living rather than fossil species to characterize the main stages in the ascent, and stressed the parallel with the development of the embryo (the recapitulation theory). A few key fossils were discovered to boost the case for evolution, including the ancestry of the horse. Both Darwinians and the supporters of Herbert Spencer’s philosophy exploited the technique of the ‘evolutionary epic’ to make their case. But so did the promoters of rival explanations, including the Lamarckians and those who saw progress as the unfolding of a divine plan. Darwinism remained a source of controversy, and the opposition began to increase toward the end of the nineteenth century.

This chapter focuses on the Black Parenting Strengths and Strategies (BPSS), a parenting intervention developed to incorporate the most successful strategies used by parenting and child development specialists, while drawing on the strengths, unique parental strategies, and processes inherent in Black families (e.g., racial socialization). Interested in how BPSS fairs when implemented in less controlled settings (real-world contexts), BPSS was subsequently evaluated via an effectiveness study (Coard et al., ), which provided additional support for the feasibility and receptibility of the BPSS program and highlighted the potential effectiveness. We describe the process undertaken as part of the effectiveness study to evaluate BPSS and describe its “real-world” implementation across multiple community centers/settings servicing Black/African American families. Informed by a community-based participatory approach, we (a) provide the rationale for and an overview of the BPSS, (b) describe the translational process in implementing BPSS, (c) outline lessons learned, and (d) summarize the recommendations for practitioners’ use of BPSS.

This chapter follows the creation, adoption, and impact of the numerous constitutions implemented in colonial Nigeria, ultimately pushing the region toward adopting a more federal system of government. This chapter will contain overviews of the five important constitutions created in the colonial period, while also exploring the factors which drove the colonial government to push the region toward federalism and the greater inclusion of native Nigerians. It will identify two primary periods of constitution-making, one before World War II and one after, pushed more vigorously by nationalist groups. Federalism, codified by Nigeria’s consecutive implementation of different constitutions, promoted regionalism, causing the growth of ethnic nationalism. Consequently, ruling groups benefiting from previous, more unitary systems, like Northern Nigeria’s emirs, and small minority ethnic groups fearing the influence of larger groups, opposed the growth of federalism. As Nigeria transitioned into an independent nation, it walked a fine line between an oppressive unitary system and a chaotic federal one. This balancing act defined its constitutions and political landscapes during Nigeria’s colonial period, and continues to do so today.

This chapter considers how the statute of limitations can enable high-end tax noncompliance and prevent the IRS from challenging tax positions of high-end taxpayers. The chapter begins by describing the statute of limitations on tax assessment and the rationale underlying its design, which is followed by an explanation of how it encourages and facilitates abusive tax avoidance by high-end taxpayers. Following this discussion, we present a proposal for incorporating means adjustments into the statute of limitations in order to level the playing field between high-end taxpayers and the IRS.

This chapter explains the methodological approach behind the measurement of analytical information in witness testimonies. Focusing on House hearings from the 105th through 114th Congresses, the methodological approach quantifies technical information relevant to policymaking – analytical information – and shows how witness affiliations can capture meaningful differences in the amount of analytical information that witnesses provide Congress in committee hearings. Bureaucrats and research-affiliated witnesses excel in delivering analytical testimony, while citizens and religious institution representatives provide the least. The patterns in this chapter demonstrate that not all testimony provides the same type of information and that committees may receive different amounts of analytical information depending on the types of witnesses they invite. Taken together, the findings and patterns illustrated in this chapter motivate our argument that the composition of witnesses has important implications for committees, as witness invitations not only indicate from whom committees choose to hear but also signify the different types of information committees may ultimately receive.