We assess the responses of output and inflation to monetary policy shocks in the context of a Bayesian, monetary structural vector autoregressive model. We allow money supply and leverage measures to enter into the interest rate policy rule and use an identification approach that is by construction devoid of any price puzzles. We provide a comprehensive comparison between monetary policy shocks under a policy regime that follows a standard Taylor rule and those that augment the standard reaction function of the central bank with measures of leverage and the money supply. We find that contractionary monetary policy is more pronounced and persistent when the reaction function of the central bank is augmented with measures of money and leverage than when the reaction function follows a typical Taylor rule. Our results support the use and inclusion of monetary aggregates in monetary policy and business cycle analysis.

We examined the effect of using input and output quantities as compared with costs and revenues when estimating farm-level efficiency scores and ranking. We used farm-level data from the 2015 Ethiopia Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ERSS) where production inputs and outputs in quantities as well as monetary units could be distinguished. Average technical efficiency scores of 72.2% and 68.6%, respectively, were found for analysis based on quantities and on costs and revenues. Efficiency ranking differed significantly. Results suggest that type of data compilation introduces bias to the efficiency assessment and that conclusions may be unclear, which complicates policy advice.

We analyse the importance of legitimacy on public policy support by comparing how drivers of public policy attitudes evolve across the policy process consisting of the input (the processes forgoing acquisition of power and the procedures permeating political decisionmaking), throughput (the inclusion of and interactions between actors in a governance system) and output (the substantive consequences of those decisions) stages. Using unique panel data through three phases of the implementation of a congestion tax in the Swedish city of Gothenburg, we find that legitimacy is indeed important in explaining policy support. Moreover, we find a lingering effect where support in one phase depends on legitimacy both in the present and in previous phases. Hence, our study takes us one step further on the road to understand the complicated dynamic mechanisms behind the interactions between policymaking, policy support, and the legitimacy and approval of politicians and political processes.

In dynamic general equilibrium models, private output is increased by government spending for goods and services, but decreased by government spending for employment. This paper presents the first evidence for the latter effect by studying the pre-WWII British wartime economy. Britain participated in numerous wars, increasing military employment greatly. British tax-smoothing policy and rare wartime governmental interventions reduce the difficulty of studying the effects of wartime government spending. This paper finds wartime decreases in industrial production, which can be explained by wartime government spending for military employment.

This paper reports on the impact of computer-mediated input, output and feedback on the development of second language (L2) word recognition from speech (WRS). A quasi-experimental pre-test/treatment/post-test research design was used involving three intact tertiary level English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. Classes were either assigned to a control group (n=31) or to one of two alternative treatment levels which used a web-based computer application enabling self-determined opportunities to repeatedly listen to and reconstruct spoken target text into its written form. Treatment group one (n=30) received text feedback after each of their efforts at target text reconstruction, whereas treatment group two (n=35) did not. Results indicated that word recognition gain scores of those who used the application, regardless of treatment level, were significantly higher than those of the control group. The relationship between the quantity of self-determined exposure to input and word recognition improvements was moderate but not linear, with those choosing moderate levels of speech input deriving the greatest measurable improvement. Neither increased levels of modified output nor the provision of text feedback were associated with significant improvements in word recognition gain scores. Implications for computer-mediated approaches for the development of L2 WRS are described and areas for future empirical research are suggested.

In the performance measurement using tools such as data envelopment analysis (DEA), datawithout explicit inputs has attracted considerable attention among researchers. In suchstudies the problem of production planning in the next production season is an importantand interesting subject. Because of the uncertain nature of the future, decision makersneed to provide robust procedures in order to examine alternative courses of action andtheir implications. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to productionplanning problem in production processes without explicit inputs that typically appears incentralized decision making environment. Application of the proposed approach isillustrated empirically using a real case.

Objective – The project Output Standards of the Mental Health Department (MHD) of Reggio Emilia is set out to define outputs and quality standards and to guarantee transparence and to facilitate organizational improvement. Methods – The MHD started an interprofessional working group that defined theMHD outputs as long as process, quality peculiarities, indicators and standards for each output. The MHD Director validated the group results. Results – The MHD defined 9 outputs and its indicators and standardsand consequently modified its data registration system, the way to supply free and partially charged servicesand budget indicators. As a result, a new instrument for management and quality control has been provided. Conclusions – The A. maintains that to define outputs, indicators and standards will allow to compare several services of the Department, get them omogeneous and guarantee and improve quality.

This paper provides an input–output (I/O)-based economic impact analysis for organic apple production in Washington State. The intent is to compare the economic ‘ripple’ effect of organic production with conventional production. The analysis is presented in two scenarios: first we compare the economic impact of organic versus conventional apple production for a final demand increase of US$1 million as measured in sales. In the second analysis, the economic impacts of organic and conventional apple production are compared in terms of a given unit of land (405 ha of production). Both state-wide output (sales) and employment (jobs) impacts are estimated under each scenario. Results are presented in terms of direct, indirect, and induced economic impact. Organic apple production was more labor intensive than conventional production. While the organic apple sector used less intermediate inputs per unit of output than conventional production, it also produced higher returns to labor and capital. As a result, the indirect economic effect was lower for the organic sector than the conventional sector, but the induced economic effect was higher for organic. Given the organic price premium, the economic impact (direct, indirect and induced) was larger for organic apple production than conventional apple production.

This paper considers a sticky price model with a cash-in-advance constraint where agents forecast inflation rates with the help of econometric models. Agents use least-squares learning to estimate two competing models of which one is consistent with rational expectations once learning is complete. When past performance governs the choice of forecast model, agents may prefer to use the inconsistent forecast model, which generates an equilibrium where forecasts are only constrained rational. Output and inflation then display persistence, inflation responds sluggishly to nominal disturbances, and the dynamic correlations of output and inflation match U.S. data surprisingly well. The rational expectations equilibrium instead has great difficulty in matching any of these features.

This Chapter describes methods for defining the level of damage from an event, its impact on the functional status of the affected society, and for identifying the needs that result from the damage. The event may produce damage to the population (injuries, death), its constructions and societal functions, and/or to the environment. Societal functions are described as production functions with inputs, transformations, consumption of resources, and outputs. Distinction between available supplies, requirements, and needs is stressed. The differences between damage assessments and needs assessments are described. Needs for goods and services that are greater than the available level of supplies produces deficits. The concept of thresholds of available resources required to maintain the pre-event functional state, those necessary to sustain basic functional states, and those required for survival is developed. Surplus of available supplies is subdivided into those needed for contingencies and those that comprise luxuries. Indicators are required that define either the level of function or the level of available supplies.Distribution of available supplies (who receives them) impacts whether critical and functional requirements of a population, or part of the affected population, are satisfied.When critical requirements are not met, the crude mortality rate increases. Severity scoring of the damage sustained and the effects of responses is described. All damage and needs assessments and responses to them relate to the pre-event state of the affected society, and the objective of disaster responses is to return the affected society to its pre-event functional state.

This work analyses a queueing mechanism with infinitely many servers in which the interarrival interval T preceding the arrival of a customer and his service time S are assumed correlated. A bivariate distribution with negative exponential marginals is used and the Laplace transforms pn (z) of the system probabilities in transient state are obtained. Closed-form expressions for the steady-state probabilities pn and their moments are given too. Finally the output process is investigated and conclusions are drawn from numerical calculations.