The papal summons to the council of Constance

Reverendo in Christo patri ac domino Domino Philippo, Dei gratia Lincolniensi episcopo, Richardus, permissione divina Londoniensis episcopus, salutem et sincerae dilectionis continuum incrementum. Literas venerabilium et religiosorum virorum prioris et capituli ecclesiae Christi Cantuariensis (sede ibidem vacante) nuper recepimus in haec verba:

Reverendo in Christo patri Domino Richardo, Dei gratia Londoniensi episcopo, Iohannes, permissione divina prior et capitulum sanctae Cantuariensis ecclesiae (sede ibidem vacante) reverentiam cum honore et prosperitatis continuo incremento. Literas sanctissimi in Christo papae et domini nostri, Domini Iohannis, divina providentia papae XXIII, recolendae memoriae Domino Thomae Arundel, ultimo archiepraesuli et pastori nostro defuncto, pridem dum vixit, transmissas, et ante mortem eiusdem, prout per ipsius tune cancellarii et aliorum clericorum suorum relationem fidelem didiscimus minime executas, post mortem suam in ipsius archivis, inter registra et alia munimenta sua comperimus, tenorem qui sequitur continentes:

The names of the right reverend the bishops and clergy of the province of Canterbury cited to appear in convocation in the chapter house of the cathedral church of St Paul, London, on the fifteenth day of June 1831 [15 June 1831].

William [Howley], lord archbishop of Canterbury.

Charles James [Blomfield], lord bishop of London.

Charles Richard [Sumner], lord bishop of Winchester.

Henry [Ryder], lord bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.

John [Kaye], lord bishop of Lincoln.

George Henry [Law], lord bishop of Bath and Wells.

Ffolliott Herbert Walker [Corenewall], lord bishop of Worcester.

Robert James [Carr], lord bishop of Chichester.

George Isaac [Huntingford], lord bishop of Hereford.

Henry [Philpotts], lord bishop of Exeter.

John Banks [Jenkinson], lord bishop of St David's.

Thomas [Burgess], lord bishop of Salisbury.

Henry [Bathurst], lord bishop of Norwich.

William [Carey], lord bishop of St Asaph.

Robert [Gray], lord bishop of Bristol.

George [Murray], lord bishop of Rochester.

Bowyer Edward [Sparke], lord bishop of Ely.

James Henry [Monk], lord bishop of Gloucester.

Herbert [Marsh], lord bishop of Peterborough.

Richard [Bagot], lord bishop of Oxford.

Edward [Copleston], lord bishop of Llandaff.

Christopher [Bethell], lord bishop of Bangor.

Canterbury:

Richard Bagot D. D., dean.

James Croft M. A., archdeacon.

William Welfitt D. D., proctor for the chapter.

Edward Nares,

William Frederick Bayley, proctors for the clergy.

London:

Edward [Copleston], lord bishop of Llandaff, dean.

Thomas Hughes D. D., proctor for the chapter.

Joseph Holden Pott M. A., archdeacon of London.

Hugh Chambers Jones, archdeacon of Essex.

George Owen Cambridge M. A., archdeacon of Middlesex.

William Rowe Lyall, archdeacon of Colchester.

John James Watson D. D., archdeacon of Saint Albans.

George Richards D. D.,

Richard Lendon M. A., proctors for the clergy.

Winchester.

Thomas Rennell, dean.

William Harrison M. A., proctor for the chapter.

Charles James Hoare M. A., archdeacon of Winchester.

Thomas lord Walsingham, archdeacon of Surrey.

Charles Richards M. A.,

Arthur Henry Kenny D. D., proctors for the clergy.

Bath and Wells:

Honourable Henry, lord bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, dean.

John Watson Beadon, precentor.

Frederick Beadon, chancellor.

Robert Vanbrugh Law M. A., treasurer.

Charles Edmund Keene M. A., subdean.

Frederick Beadon M. A., proctor for the chapter.

Charles Abel Moysey D. D., archdeacon of Bath.

Henry Law M. A., archdeacon of Wells.

Tuesday 18 November 1382

[33r] Convocatio praelatorum et cleri Cantuariensis provinciae, facta in ecclesia conventuali Sanctae Frideswidae Oxoniae Lincolniensis diocesis, auctoritate reverendi in Christo patris et domini Domini Willelmi Courtenay, Dei gratia Cantuariensis archiepiscopi, totius Angliae primatis et apostolicae sedis legati, decimo octavo die mensis Novembris anno Domini millesimo tricesimo LXXXIIdo, indictione sexta, pontificatus sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Domini Urbani, divina providentia papae sexti anno quinto et translationis dicti reverendi patris archiepiscopi Cantuariensis anno secundo. Imprimis idem reverendus pater missam de Sancto Spiritu in summo altari eiusdem ecclesiae, venerabilibus patribus dominis Willelmo Wintoniensi et Thoma Eliensi episcopis sibi ministrantibus et aliis quampluribus suis suffraganeis pontificalibus indutis circumstantibus, solemniter celebravit. Qua finita, et proposito in praesentia ipsius reverendi patris et suffraganeorum suorum tune ibidem praesentium et cleri multitudine in navi dictae ecclesiae per venerabilem virum Magistrum Robertum Rygge, sacrae paginae professorem et universitatis Oxoniensis cancellarium, Verbo Dei, sumpto pro themate: ‘Congregati sunt in valle benedictionis', dictus reverendus pater turn suis suffraganeis et clero tune praesentibus ad domum capitularem dictae ecclesiae declaravit, lectoque ibidem certificatorio venerabilis patris Domini Roberti, Dei gratia Londoniensis episcopi, cuius tenor inferius continetur, nobilis vir Dominus Hugo Segrave miles, thesaurarius domini nostri regis Angliae quandam literam eiusdem domini regis de credentia dicto reverendo patri et aliis praelatis et clero directam exhibuit; qua lecta, idem Dominus Hugo per suam credentiam nonnulla negotia regia et pericula regno imminentia proposuit et aliquod subsidium competens nomine regio a dictis praelatis et clero concedi petiit in sublevamen et remedium praedictorum, et subsequenter dictus reverendus pater praefatis suffraganeis suis et aliis praelatis et clero tune praesentibus causas convocationis praedictae exposuit, videlicet: quod pro quibusdamhaeresibus quae nuper in regno pullularunt penitus extirpandis, pro defectis et excessibus corrigendis ac iniuriis ecclesiae sanctae illatis reformandis, necnon pro aliquo competenti subsidio concedendo, ad vitandum et repellendum pericula quae ecclesiae, regi et regno Angliae notorie imminebant, ipsam convocationem ibidem fieri tune decrevit, et statim continuavit convocationem eandem ad diem crastinum in eodem loco, expectando absentes. Tenor vero certificatorii de quo super fit mentio talis est:

The archbishop's mandate

Reverendissimo in Christo patri ac domino Domino Willelmo, Dei gratia archiepiscopo Cantuariensi, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato, Robertus, permissione divina Londoniensis episcopus reverentiam et oboedientiam tanto patri debitas cum honore.

Acts of the convocation

[65r] Convocatio praelatorum et cleri provinciae Cantuariensis facta per reverendissimum in Christo patrem et dominum Dominum Thomam, Dei gratia Cantuariensem archiepiscopum in ecclesia Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, decimo die mensis Maii anno Domini millesimo CCCC sexto [ 10 May 1406] secundum cursum et computationem Ecclesiae Anglicanae, indictione quartodecimo, pontificatus sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Domini Innocentii divina providentia papae septimi, anno secundo et translationis eiusdem reverendissimi patris archiepiscopi anno decimo.

Monday 10 May 1406

Dicto decimo die mensis Maii, praefatus reverendissimus pater archiepiscopus de hospitio habitationis suae Londoniis iter arripuit et pervenit ad ecclesiam cathedralem Sancti Pauli Londoniarum praedictam, et missa ibidem de Sancto Spiritu per venerabilem patrem Dominum Richardum, Dei gratia Wigorniensem episcopum, ad summum altare ipsius cathedralis ecclesiae pro feliciori expeditione huiusmodi inchoandi negotii primitus ut moris est solemniter celebrata, idem reverendissimus pater archiepiscopus cum venerabilibus coepiscopis confratribus suis suffraganeis suae Cantuariensis provinciae, videlicet Philippo Lincolniensi, Iohanne Eliensi, Edmundo Exoniensi, dicto Richardo Wigorniensi, Henrico Bathonensi et Wellensi, Roberto Cicestrensi, Roberto Herefordensi, Guidone Menevensi et Thoma Landavensi episcopis tune ibidem personaliter praesentibus, accessit ad capellam Beatae Mariae eiusdem ecclesiae, et facta tune ibidem collatione per venerabilem patrem Thomam, Dei gratia nuper Carliolensem episcopum, sumpto pro themate: ‘Magister adest et vocat te.’ et ipsa collatione finita exhibitum fiiit primitus certificatorium vicarii in spiritualibus generalis venerabilis patris Henrici, Dei gratia Wintoniensis episcopi in remotis agentis, sede Londoniensi tune vacante, super primo mandato pro huiusmodi convocatione episcopo Wintoniensi emanato, et deinde certificatorium venerabilis patris Philippi, Dei gratia Lincolniensis episcopi, super prorogatione convocationis praedictae, quorum certificatoriorum tenores sequuntur et sunt tales:

Reverendissimo in Christo patri ac domino Domino Thomae, Dei gratia Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato, suus humilis et devotus filius Iohannes Elmer canonicus Lichensis reverendi in Christo patris et domini Domini Henrici, Dei gratia Wintoniensis episcopi in remotis agentis vicarius in spiritualibus generalis, oboedientiam tarn debitam quam devotam cum omni subiectione, reverentia et honore.

Acts of the convocation

[40r] Convocatio praelatorum et cleri Cantuariensis provinciae facta per reverendissimum in Christo patrem et dominum Dominum Henrieum, permissione divina Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, totius Angliae primatem et apostolicae sedis legatum, in ecclesia Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, die Lunae, videlicet vicesimo tertio die mensis Aprilis, anno Domini MCCCCXXVto, indictione [tertia], pontificatus sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Domini Martini, divina providentia papae quinti, anno octavo, et translationis dicti reverendissimi patris anno undecimo.

Monday 23 April 1425

Praefato vicesimo tertio mensis Aprilis, idem reverendissimus in Christo pater dominus de mane accessit ad dictam ecclesiam cathedralem Sancti Pauli, ubi celebrata per eundem reverendissimum patrem missa de Spiritu Sancto ad summum altare eiusdem ecclesiae, assistentibus eidem (ut moris est) in pontificalibus venerabilibus patribus Iohanne Londoniensi, Philippo Wigorniensi, Benedicto Menevensi et Iohanne Roffensi, episcopis, suffraganeis suis. Qua finita, idem reverendissimus pater, cum praefatis suffraganeis suis et clero suae provinciae tune ibidem congregatis, ad domum capitularem in eadem ecclesia cathedrali Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, accessit, ubi facta solemni collatione per venerabilem et discretum virum Magistrum Petrum Partrich sacrae theologiae doctorem sumpto pro themate: ‘Illuminate Ierusalem', lectum fuit certificatorium dicti reverendi patris Domini Iohannis, Dei gratia Londoniensis episcopi tenorem continens infrascriptum:

The bishop of London's certificate containing the archbishop's mandate

Reverendissimo in Christo patri et domino nostro Domino Henrico, permissione divina Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato. Literas vestras nuper recepimus in haec verba:

The archbishop's mandate to the bishop of Durham

Willelmus, permissione divina Eboracensis archiepiscopus Angliae primas venerabili in Christo patri Domino Richardo, Dei gratia Dunelmensi episcopo etc., suisve vicario generali in spiritualibus seu locum tenenti etc. Mandatum regium recepimus in haec verba:

The archbishop's writ of summons to the bishop of Durham for 20 January

Willelmus, permissione divina Eboracensis archiepiscopus, Angliae primas, venerabili fratri Domino Ludovico, Dei gratia Dunelmiae episcopo salutem et fraternam in Domino caritatem. Iuxta sanctiones canonicas esse novimus constitutum ut qui intra ecclesiam positi disciplinam ecclesiasticam contemnentes per censuram ecclesiae compesci nequeunt, regum severitate et rigore principum conterantur. Et sicut Christiani principes pro aeterna vita pontificibus et sacerdotibus indigent, sic quoque pontifices pro successu rerum temporalium et ecclesiae Dei in statu orthodoxae fidei conservandae regum et imperatorum opportunis noscuntur auxiliis indigere. Sane attendentes quod serenissimus princeps dominus noster Dominus Edwardus, Dei gratia rex Angliae illustris ad repellendas Scotorum inimicorum suorum capitalium versutas insidias, ipsorumque malitias multiplices et notorias, Deo adiuvante, reprimendas ad partes Scotiae pro defensione regni sui et Ecclesiae Anglicanae cum copiosa multitudine armatorum in proximo proponit dirigere iter suum; nosque una vobiscum in parliamento proximo in civitate Eboracensi habito ex parte eiusdem domini nostri regis cum magna simus instantia requisiti, quod vos et clerum nostrae dioecesis et provinciae, qui propinquiores sumus periculo imminenti, efficaciter inducamus, ut ab eodem clero sibi ex praemissa causa competens subsidium concedatur, necessitate instante non modica perurgente, quod absque convocatione praelatorum et cleri nostrarum civitatis et dioecesis et provinciae non poterit adimpleri; tenore praesentium vos citamus et per vos, priorem ecclesiae vestrae Dunelmensis et capitulum eiusdem uno, universos abbates, priores abbates non habentes, exemptos et non exemptos, ipsorumque conventuum archidiaconos, decanos etiam et praepositos ecclesiarum collegiatarum, necnon capitula ispa totumque clerum, videlicet civitatis et dioecesis, citari volumus et mandamus, quatenus vos, abbates, priores, decani, archidiaconi et praepositi personaliter, conventus et capitula ac collegia singula per procuratores singulos, clerusque cuiuslibet archidiaconatus vestrarum civitatis et dioecesis per duos procuratores idoneos et sufficienter instructos ac plenam et sufficientem potestatem ab ipsis conventibus, capitulis, collegiis, ac clero habentes, in ecclesia nostra Eboracensi in octabis Sancti Hilarii proxime fiituris [20 January 1319] compareatis et compareant coram nobis ad tractandum in dicta convocatione nobiscum et cum ceteris praelatis et procuratoribus cleri nostrarum civitatis, dioecesis et provinciae super negotio antedicto, ac ad faciendum ulterius super illo quod communi videbitur iudicio faciendum. De die vero receptionis praesentium et qualiter hoc nostrum mandatum fueritis executi, necnon de nominibus abbatum, priorum, archidiaconi, conventuum et capitulorum dictorum, nos citra dictum diem certificantes distincte et aperte per vestras patentes literas harum seriem continentes.

Acts of the convocation

Convocatio praelatorum et cleri Cantuariensis provinciae facta per reverendissimum in Christo patrem et dominum Dominum Henricum, permissione divina Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, totius Angliae primatem et apostolicae sedis legatum, in ecclesia Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, die Lunae videlidet quinto die Iulii anno Domini MCCCCXXVIIIo, indictione sexta, pontificatus sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Domini Martini, divina providentia papae quinti, anno undecimo, et translationis dicti reverendissimi patris archiepiscopi anno quinto decimo.

Monday 5 July 1428

Eodem vero quinto die mensis Iulii, dictus reverendissimus in Christo pater et dominus Dominus Henricus, Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, de mane accessit ad dictam ecclesiam cathedralem Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, ubi celebrata per eundem reverendissimum patrem missa de Sancto Spiritu ad summum altare eiusdem ecclesiae, assistentibus eidem (ut moris est) in pontificatibus venerabilibus patribus Philippo Eliensi, Willelmo Londoniensi, Iohanne Bathonensi et Wellensi, Iohanne Roffensi et Iohanne Bangorensi episcopis suffraganeis suis; qua missa finita, idem reverendissimus pater, cum praefatis suffraganeis [69v] suis et clero suae provinciae tune ibidem congregatis, ad capellam Beatae Mariae in orientali parte dictae ecclesiae cathedralis Sancti Pauli constitutam se divertit, ubi facta in Latino sermone per reverendum patrem Dominum Iohannem, Roffensem episcopum antedictum, collatione solemni, sumptoprothemate:'Vocaoperarios', lectum fuit certificatorium reverendi patris Domini Willelmi Londoniensis episcopi, tenorem continens infrascriptum:

The bishop of London's certificate containing the archbishop's mandate

Reverendissimo in Christo patri et domino Domino Henrico, permissione divina Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato, Willelmus, permissione divina Londoniensis episcopus, oboedientiam et reverentiam debitas cum honore. Literas vestras reverendas vicesimo secundo die mensis Maii ultimo praeteriti [22 May 1428] recepimus tenorem qui sequitur continentes:

If Woollett reigned supreme among engravers, Luke Sullivan and François Vivares were not far behind in their series of large garden prints, to be followed in turn by Anthony Walker, who also produced quality work.

Luke Sullivan

Sullivan's landscape engravings have been covered in an article by the author in 1984, but here the emphases will be different. To start with some biographical details: there seem to be conflicting accounts of his early life, but general agreement that he lived an erratic life on the wrong side of the tracks, spending most of his time in taverns and brothels. The French author Basan claimed that he was born in Troyes in France in 1698, but that appears to be wishful thinking, since Sullivan (a not uncommon Irish name) was born in 1705 in County Louth. At an early age he moved with his family to Badminton, where his father was one of the grooms of the Duke of Beaufort, and the young Sullivan worked in the stables there. He showed a natural talent for drawing, and was exposed at Badminton to one of the most vast and most overwhelming landscapes imaginable. Under the duke's patronage he was apprenticed to a master engraver, but there is some mystery surrounding his identity. Some authorities maintain that he was Thomas Major, but since Sullivan was considerably older than Major this is unlikely. On the other hand, he may have concentrated on drawing in younger years and taken up engraving in his maturity. T Dodd, in his Memoirs of British Engravers (manuscript), considered that Sullivan worked in the style of Jacques Le Bas of Paris, but admitted there was no evidence to link them as master and apprentice.

Unlike Woollett, who was producing plates at 17, Sullivan was in his forties when he came up with his earliest known work, a view of the Battle of Culloden (1746) after a painting by Augustin Heckel. Hogarth took him on as assistant, but Sullivan's dissipated lifestyle rendered him unreliable and he would disappear for weeks at a time. A favourite hostelry was The Feathers in Leicester Square, where he would meet many fellow artists. Nollekens, trying to present him in a favourable light, described him as ‘a handsome lively fellow’.

The archbishop's mandate

Reverendo in Christo patri ac domino Domino Iohanni, Dei gratia Eliensi episcopo, Robertas, permissione divina Londoniensis episcopus, salutem et fraternae dilectionis continuum incrementum. Mandatum reverendissimi in Christopatris ac domini Domini Willelmi, Dei gratia Cantuariensis archiepiscopi, totius Angliae primatis et apostolicae sedis legati nuper recepimus in haec verba:

Willelmus, permissione divina Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, totius Angliae primas et apostolicae sedis legatus, venerabili fratri nostro Domino Roberto, Dei gratia Londoniensi episcopo, salutem et fraternam in Domino caritatem. Ex assumpta sollicitudine pastoralis officii multotiens cogimur inviti pro veritate temporum et urgentibus ecclesiae et regni negotiis cum praelatis et clero nostrae provinciae commune habere tractatum, istans enim rei publicae magna necessitas evidensque Ecclesiae Anglicanae sperata utilitas super agendis et tractandis in communi ad praesens versari credimus, precum etiam regiarum excitatio inevitabiliter nos impellunt praelatos et clerum nostrae provinciae antedictae iuxta effectum brevis regii in proximo convocare, cuius quidem brevis tenor talis est:

The vicar-general's reply to the archbishop's mandate for the convocation

Reverendo in Christo patri et domino Domino Thomae Eboracensi archiepiscopo, Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato, suus humilis et devotus filius Iohannes de Newton, vicarius vester in spiritualibus generalis et officialis curiae vestrae Eboracensis omnimodo oboedientiam, reverentiam et honorem. Literas vestras reverendas nuper recepimus in haec verba:

Thomas, permissione divina Eboracensis archiepiscopus, Angliae primas [et apostolicae sedis legatus] dilecto filio officiali curiae nostrae Eboracensis salutem, gratiam et benedictionem. Quia ex causis variis ecclesiae statum et rei publicae commodum et utilitatem concernentibus, praelatos et clerum nostrarum diocesis, civitatis et provinciae Eboracensis decrevimus convocari ut super praemissis et ea convenientibus ad Dei laudem, morum reformationem et vitiorum extirpationem cum eisdem habere possimus consilium et tractatum, et nihilominus breve regium nuperrime nobis directum recepimus in haec verba:

The names of the right reverend the bishops and clergy of the province of Canterbury cited to appear in convocation in the chapter house of the cathedral church of St Paul, London, on the nineteenth day of May in the year of our Lord 1784 [19 May 1784].

John [Moore], lord archbishop of Canterbury.

Robert [Lowth], lord bishop of London.

Brownlow [North], lord bishop of Winchester.

James [Beauclerk], lord bishop of Hereford.

William [Ashburnham], lord bishop of Chichester.

Charles [Moss], lord bishop of Bath and Wells.

Jonathan [Shipley], lord bishop of St Asaph.

Shute [Barrington], lord bishop of Salisbury.

John [Hinchcliffe], lord bishop of Peterborough.

James [Yorke], lord bishop of Ely.

John [Thomas], lord bishop of Rochester.

Richard [Hurd], lord bishop of Worcester.

Thomas [Burgess], lord bishop of Oxford.

John [Ross], lord bishop of Exeter.

Thomas [Thurlow], lord bishop of Lincoln.

John [Warren], lord bishop of Bangor.

James [Cornwallis], lord bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.

Samuel [Hallifax], lord bishop of Gloucester.

Lewis [Bagot], lord bishop of Norwich.

Richard [Watson], lord bishop of Llandaff.

Edward [Smallwell], lord bishop of St David's.

Christopher [Wilson], lord bishop of Bristol.

Canterbury:

George Home D. D. dean.

William Backhouse, D. D., archdeacon.

Proctor for the chapter.

John Fowell D. D.,

John Taylor D. D., proctors for the clergy.

London:

Thomas [Thurlow], lord bishop of Lincoln, dean.

John Jeffreys D. D., proctor for the chapter.

Richard Beadon D. D., archdeacon of London.

James Waller M. A., archdeacon of Essex.

Stephen Eaton M. A., archdeacon of Middlesex.

Anthony Hamilton D. D., archdeacon of Colchester.

Samuel Horsley LL. D., archdeacon of Saint Albans.

John Douglas D. D.,

Henry Owen M. D., proctors for the clergy.

Winchester:

Newton Ogle D. D., dean.

William Lowth M. A., proctor for the chapter.

Thomas Balguy D. D., archdeacon of Winchester.

John Carver LL. B., archdeacon of Surrey.

Sir Charles Mill, baronet,

William Vyse LL. D., proctors for the clergy.

Bath and Wells:

Lord Francis Seymour, dean.

Phipps Weston B. D., proctor for the chapter.

John Chapman M. A., archdeacon of Bath

William Willes M. A., archdeacon of Wells

John Turner M. A., archdeacon of Taunton

George Norman Jr M. A.,

William Phelips LL. D., proctors for the clergy.