When incubated in vitro for 24 h, oncospheres of Hymenolepis diminuta absorb and metabolize radioactive glucose. Between 0 and 12 h post-activation, oncospheres absorb glucose, but glucose is neither metabolized into other carbohydrates nor incorporated into the ethanol-precipitable fraction (which would contain glycogen). Between 12 and 24 h post-activation glucose is incorporated into a number of higher molecular weight carbohydrates that are demonstrable in ethanol extracts of the larvae, as well as the incubation media. Furthermore, measurable amounts of radioactivity are incorporated into the ethanol-precipitable carbohydrate fraction of oncospheres. To determine if these temporal changes in carbohydrate metabolism occurred spontaneously following activation, oncospheres were pre-incubated for 12 h (0–12 h post-activation) in the absence or presence of glucose, and then transferred to media containing radioactive glucose for an additional 12 h (12–24 h post-activation). In these latter experiments, glucose absorption and metabolism between 12 and 24 h post-activation were virtually identical to glucose metabolism in oncospheres that were incubated in radioactive glucose for 0–12 h immediately following activation. Thus, these data do not support the hypothesis that the temporal shift in carbohydrate metabolism occurs spontaneously.

Ivermectin has been shown to increase chloride conductances of invertebrate cells. On the muscle cells of the parasitic nematode Ascaris, ivermectin acts as both a GABA receptor antagonist and a chloride channel opener. In this study, ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to investigate the effect of ivermectin on intracellular C1− concentration of the somatic muscle bag cells of Ascaris suum. Incubation of muscle cells with ivermectin (10 μM in 1% dimethyl sulphoxide vehicle for 60 min) increased intracellular C1− by 2·9 mM or 15% compared to controls (P > 0·01, n = 6).

Four monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to Echinococcus granulosus Antigen 5 (Ag5) and Antigen B (AgB) were assessed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of circulating antigens (CAg) in sera of human patients with E. granulosus infection. Around 5·5–8% of 200 sera from 42 surgically proven hydatid patients contained detectable CAg by individual MAb. The combined detection rate for CAg, using four MAb, was 19% (38/200). Although hydatid CAg was detected by MAb in at least one serum sample from 21 of 42 patients, some patients remained negative in the assay regardless of the time when serum samples were taken (pre- or post-operatively), or of the continuing presence of hydatid cysts, their location or fertility. In addition, it was observed that the binding capacity of MAb for sheep hydatid cyst fluid antigen (SHCF) was somewhat reduced in the presence of normal human serum. The CAg detection assay would only be useful for assessment of hydatid infection status in patients with detectable CAg in serum samples.

The helminth community in the digestive tract of the sedentary predatory fish, Sciaena umbra, near the Scandola Nature Reserve, Corsica, consists of 5 species of digeneans. Anoiktostoma coronatum (in the rectum) and Metadena pauli (in the intestine) were found in almost all the fish, and in high numbers; they are considered core species. Distomum aloysiae, Pleorchis polyorchis (both in the intestine), and Stephanostomum bicoronatum (in the rectum) were relatively uncommon, usually found in small numbers, and are considered satellite species. The two core species were very abundant in June, when the size of their populations was strongly correlated with the size of the host fish. At this time, M. pauli was found mainly in the duodenum, but in high populations was spread throughout the intestine (s. strict.). Both species were much less abundant in October, their populations were less dependent on host size, and M. pauli was more limited to the anterior intestine. Pleorchis polyorchis and Distomum aloysiae were more frequent in October, were found predominately in fish with few M. pauli, and were found posterior to M. pauli, suggesting some interactions between these species. Stephano-stomum bicoronatum showed no seasonal patterns, and no apparent interactions with A. coronatum.

When incubated in vitro for 24 h, intact eggs, chemically shelled eggs (obtained by treating intact eggs with NaOCl), activated larvae (eggs in which the outer shell and inner envelope were removed), and oncospheres (activated larvae treated with papain to remove the embryophore) absorb and metabolize radioactive glucose. Intact eggs, which are covered by the impermeable shell, absorb only small amounts of exogenous radioactive glucose, while chemically shelled eggs, activated larvae, and oncospheres absorb much larger amounts. Only very small amounts of the exogenous glucose are incorporated into the ethanol-precipitable carbohydrate fraction (which would include glycogen) by any of the preparations of eggs/larvae. However, the glucose is incorporated into higher molecular weight end-products that are liberated into the incubation medium. There is a temporal shift in the ability of activated larvae and oncospheres to metabolize exogenous glucose. Activated larvae and oncospheres absorb but do not metabolize glucose during the first 8 h post-activation. Between 8 and 16 h post-activation, however, virtually all of the absorbed glucose is metabolized into higher molecular weight end-products that are liberated into the incubation media. This temporal shift suggests that activation of oncospheres and cysticercoid morphogenesis are accompanied by distinct changes in carbohydrate metabolism.

Density-dependent constraints on parasite growth, survival or reproduction are thought to be important in preventing the unchecked increase in parasite numbers within individual hosts or host populations. While it is important to know where, and with what severity, density dependence is acting within the parasite life-cycle, interpretation of data from natural infections is difficult. In this paper, we present a Monte Carlo simulation technique for examining such data for evidence of density dependence. We also describe how this technique may be used to distinguish among mechanisms hypothesized to generate density-dependent phenomena.

Substance P immunoreactivity (SP-IR) was detected in the nervous system of the gull-tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. The distribution of the SP-IR neurons in the plerocercoid differs from that of other peptidergic and aminergic neurons in the worm. As well as occurring in the ganglionic commissure and along the two main nerve cords, SP-IR neurons are located laterally to the main nerve cords but not dorsally or ventrally. The SP-IR neurons have projections extending to the surface. Bipolar SP-IR neurons with processes to the surface also occur in the tip of the scolex. A sensory function for the SP-IR neurons is suggested.

The central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems of the cyclophyllidean tapeworm, Moniezia expansa, were examined for the presence of cholinergic, serotoninergic and peptidergic elements using enzyme cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques in conjunction with light and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Cholinesterase activity and 5-hydroxytryptamine- and regulatory peptide-immunoreactivities (IRs) were localized to the nerve fibres and cell bodies of all of the major neuronal components in the CNS of the worm, including the cerebral ganglia and connecting commissure, the 10 longitudinal nerve cords and associated transverse ring commissures. Although each of the 3 systems appeared well developed and comprised a significant portion of the nervous system, the serotoninergic constituent was the most highly developed, consisting of a vast array of nerve fibres and cell bodies distributed throughout the strobila of the worm. A close association of cholinesterase reactivity and peptide-IRs was evident throughout the CNS, indicating the possible co-localization of acetylcholine and neuropeptides. Within the PNS, cholinergic activity and serotoninergic- and peptidergic-IRs occurred in the subtegumental network of nerve fibres and somatic musculature. Although all 3 neuro-chemical elements were present in the acetabula, they were found in different nerve fibres; only cholinergic and peptidergic cell bodies were found. The common genital opening, vagina and ootype regions of the reproductive system displayed a rich innervation of all 3 types of neuronal populations. Within the peptidergic system, immunostaining with antiseraraised to the C-terminus of the neuropeptide Y superfamily of peptides and the invertebrate peptides, neuropeptide F (M. expansa) and FMRFamide was the most prevalent. Limited positive-IR for substance P and neurokinin A were also recorded in the CNS of the worm.

There is growing emphasis on the use of community treatment to reduce the level of morbidity caused by helminth infection. The design of chemotherapy programmes, in terms of frequency of treatment and proportion of the community treated, would be assisted by a quantitative framework which enabled the morbidity reduction achieved by different approaches to be compared. The present study describes a model developed for this purpose which embodies two innovative features. First, a quantitative score of morbidity (the proportion of individuals harbouring an intense infection) is used to rate the success of a programme and, second, the distribution of helminths in the host population is generated by a mechanism that allows the distribution to change dynamically as a function of both treatment and reinfection. The model behaviour, using values typical of Ascaris lumbricoides, indicates that the benefit derived from community chemo- therapy increases non-linearly with the coverage and efficacy of treatment.

The intestines of 170 long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas, caught off the Faroe Islands (N.E. Atlantic) were examined for helminth parasites. Eight species were detected but only 4 occurred in at least 10% of the sample. No core or recurrent group of species were identified and no correlations between abundances of species were significant. Diversity values were far below those reported for other endotherms. Colonization by helminths was random, whales not being readily colonized. These features point to largely unpredictable, isolationist infracommunities, there being little potential for inter-specific interactions. Older hosts tended to harbour more diverse infracommunities, offering more opportunities for such interactions. Two hypotheses, which might also apply to other cetaceans, are proposed to account for the depauperate helminth communities of the pilot whale: (i) some ancestral helminth species failed to adapt their cycles to the marine habitat and (ii) the hosts' isolation from land prohibited new infections with helminths of mammals.

Parasitology, 105, 177–182

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The picture used for Fig. 2 represents isoelectrofocusing of B. divergens lysates.

The picture used for Fig. 3 represents isoelectrofocusing of B. hylomysci lysates.

The investigation of Price & Clancy (1983), which demonstrated a significant positive correlation between total helminth species number per host species and geographical range of freshwater fish host species in Britain, was re-examined using a different measure of parasite species richness. Re-calculation of the correlations between the two parameters after controlling for the effect of the composition of the list of fish by excluding, on biological and distributional grounds, 2 species of agnathans and 7 species of introduced teleosts, and for the effect of sampling effort by using helminth richness in the richest component community of each fish species rather than check-list data, reveals no significant relationship between helminth species richness and host range. Habitat and an omnivorous host diet now appear more significant determinants of helminth richness than the accumulation of parasites by predation. The findings provide little support for the interpretation of the relationship between helminth species richness and host range in terms of island biogeographic theory, but do support an alternative explanation in terms of the colonization time hypothesis, i.e. that helminth species richness is related to the time since the fish host arrived in Britain.

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) from four lakes within an area of approximately 40 km2 were found to harbour nine helminth species. Crepidostomum metoecus could be classified as core species, while Crepidostomum farionis had an intermediate position. All the others could be classified as satellite species. Salmon (Salmo salar) fingerlings were grown to smolts in an earthpond over the summer. The fingerlings became infected with Crepidostomum spp. which may indicate a superior colonization ability in the core species. The results support the ‘rescue effect hypothesis’ rather than the ‘carrying capacity hypothesis’.