We consider a stationary discrete-time Markov chain with a finite number m of possible states which we designate by 1,…,m. We assume that at time t = 0 the process is in an initial state i with probability (i = 1,…, m) and such that and .

0. Introduction. When f: T1 → T2 is a mapping between two topological spaces we shall say that f is sequentially continuous if and only if in T1 implies that in T2.

A theory of light propagation consistent with our present cosmological views is investigated in the context of a uniformly expanding universe. It leads to the relativistic equivalence of fundamental observers and also provides a natural substratum associated with an observable fundamental reference frame for every locality of the universe. Special Relativity emerges as a theory satisfying the observable universe.

The model provides a quantitative interpretation of the recent findings in radio and optical astronomy. It has the advantage of simplicity and its approach may assist in an understanding of what is happening in the mathematics of more sophisticated systems.

1. Notation and definitions. In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions are found for the spectrum of a Fredholm operator in a locally convex space (always taken to be Hausdorff) to lie on the non-negative real axis of the complex plane. Some results of Grothendieck(2) allow us to obtain the results in this general form; an interesting special case is the trace-class of operators in a general Banach space. We also deal with the case of Hilbert–Schmidt operators in a Hilbert space.

Eddington's energy partition in cosmical physics is discussed and the partition equations are found to have a very simple form. It is shown that the rigid-field convention leads to a triviality.

In this paper we shall be mainly concerned with the following three apparently widely differing questions.

(a) What are the possible group topologies on an Abelian group that have a given, fixed continuous character group?

In developing our theory, we are very strongly motivated by the duality theory of linear topological spaces and in particular by Mackey's theorem of that theory. This important result gives a complete characterization of all locally convex topologies on a linear space that have a given, fixed, separating dual space. The analogue of Mackey's theorem for groups, together with related results, is examined in sections 1 and 2 of part 2 of the paper.

(b) What are the properties of topological groups that are denumerable inductive limits of locally compact groups? (See section 1 of part 1 of the paper for definitions.)

Our aim here is to extend results known for locally compact groups to this larger class of groups. The topological study of these groups is carried out in section 3 of part 1 of the paper and the really deep results about their characters are proved in section 5 of part 3 of the paper, as applications of the theory developed in that part of the paper, which is a type of harmonic analysis for these groups.

(c) What are the properties of certain algebras of measures of a locally compact group G, that strictly contain L1(G), and share most of the pleasing properties of L1(G), that is, they do not have any of the pathological features of the full measure algebra M(G) such as the Wiener–Pitt phenomenon or asymmetry?

The object of this paper is two-fold: first to collect together the known facts about combinatorial cobordism in general, and then to calculate the groups for the first 8 dimensions. As in (29), we shall denote the unoriented and oriented cobordism groups in dimension n by and Ωn, and will distinguish the combinatorial from the differential case by affixes c, d.

A method of determining numerically to any degree of accuracy the eigen-values of Hamiltonians in the form of power series is presented. The case of a spherically symmetric potential function of the form V = ar2 + br4 + cr6 is treated in detail.

1. Let AB be a plane simple arc, which, considered as a point-set, has a positive two-dimensional measure. If x be a point of AB, a point x′ ≠ x is said to be to the left or to the right from x according as it belongs to the arc Ax or xB. The upper and the lower limits of the ratio [m2{Ax C(x, r)}]/πr2, where C(x, r) denotes the closed disc with centre x and radius r, as r → 0 define the upper and the lower left densities at the point x. When the two densities are equal their common value defines the left density. The right densities are defined similarly.

Let E be a locally convex vector space, and let (At) be a sequence of subsets of E, which cover E. Dieudonné (3) has proved the two following results.

It is shown that for an axisymmetric stationary system there exists, in vacuo, a canonical coordinate system, analogous to Weyl's canonical coordinates for the static case. Some approximate solutions of the vacuum field equations are then obtained in these canonical coordinates.

In the second part of this paper, the vacuum field equations for an isolated axisymmetric stationary system are set up and approximate solutions obtained by means of a multipole expansion. The physical components of the Riemann tensor are then examined and it is found that the ‘mass term’ predominates, the ‘rotation term’ being of the next order of magnitude.

If two empty regions of space-time are entirely separated by matter, little information of the nature of one region can be gained by knowledge of the other. Examples of a hollow Schwarzschild sphere and a hollow static torus are considered. In the first of these, it is shown that the size of the flat interior is not at all limited by the smallness of the Schwarzschild mass constant, the outer spherical boundary, or the condition that the sphere be constructed only of matter of positive density with positive stress-energy scalar.

Let T be a compact linear operator acting in a complex Hilbert space H. Then there is a simple resolution of the identity {Eλ} in H which reduces T (for a proof of this statement, and for definitions of the terms used, see (l), section 5, especially Theorem 6). In the present paper we give constructions for the resolvent of T, and for a complete set of principal (that is, eigen and adjoined) vectors, in terms of T, {Eλ}, and the diagonal coefficients {αλ} of T. These constructions require no technique more involved than the expansion of a resolvent operator in a Neumann series.

The two-sided Laplace transform is used to obtain a solution of a certain integral equation. The equation is that associated with the transport equation for isotropic scattering, when there is a point source of radiation giving a concentrated ray pencil, in a spherically symmetric homogeneous medium extending to infinity. The solution is then used to find the asymptotic form of the intensity in the forward and backward directions.

1. Introduction. This Department has made extensive observations with a proton magnetometer towed behind a ship (Hill (2)). The magnetometer consists of a bottle of water surrounded by a coil of wire through which a current flows and produces a polarizing field of about 100 oersted. A small proportion of the protons in the water are polarized along the resultant field. When the current is turned off they precess about the Earth's field and produce in the coil an e.m.f. whose frequency is a measure of the field.

It follows from the Krein-Milman theorem that (c0) is not isomorphic to the dual of a Banach space. Using a technique due to Banach ((4), page 194) we shall extend this result to show that if a subspace of (c0) is isomorphic to the dual of a normed linear space, then it is finite dimensional (Proposition 1). Using this result, we shall show that if E is a normed linear space, the unit ball of which is contained in the closed absolutely convex cover of a weak Cauchy sequence, then Eis finite dimensional (Proposition 2). This result has applications to the Banach-Dieudonné theorem, and to the theory of two-norm spaces.

In area theory, Hausdorff measure has been mainly used in the form of Hausdorff ‘spherical’ measure (l) in spite of the fact that work on the geometry of sets of points has mainly used Hausdorff ‘convex’ measure (2,4). The reason for this lies in the inequality This inequality is known (1,3) when the measures are interpreted aslspherical’. But as has for some time been conjectured and this paper shows, with the proper normalization it is false for the convex case.

Following on from a previous paper (5), we apply the new Monte Carlo method described there to the estimation of order parameters of a simple Heisenberg ferromagnet. By way of illustration, we include some results on the simple cubic lattice, comparing them with results obtained by conventional methods.

In this paper, we consider the problem of diffraction of two-dimensional sound pulses by a homogeneous fluid circular cylinder contained in another homogeneous fluid. The line source is situated outside the cylinder and is parallel to its axis. It is supposed that the velocity of sound inside the cylinder is less than the velocity of sound in the surrounding medium. We investigate the problem by the method of dual transformation as developed by Friedlander. The pulse propagation modes both inside and outside the cylinder are obtained, We interpret the modes as diffracted pulses in terms of Keller's Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. The results agree with Friedlander's conjecture.

1. Introduction and summary. In many problems in theoretical physics one encounters situations in which it is desirable to expand an orbital centred at one point about another point.