A corticolous Graphis discovered in the southern part of Venezuela is described as new to science. The new species, Graphis breussii sp. nov., is characterized by rather large, prominent lirellae with striate labia and apically thin complete thalline cover, a completely carbonized exciple, four submuriform ascospores per ascus, and norstictic acid; it belongs in the Graphis acharii group.

The new species Alyxoria sierramadrensis is described from Mexico where it inhabits limestone rocks. The lichen developing from this fungus is characterized by a placodioid to subfoliose thallus with a white pruinose surface; rounded to shortly elongated ascomata with a black epruinose margin and a widely exposed, white pruinose hymenial disc; hyaline, 3-septate ascospores, 17–25 × 7–9 μm; the presence of anthraquinones rendering the medulla orange. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequences place this species in the genus Alyxoria (Lecanographaceae). This generic affiliation is surprising because all known Alyxoria species have a crustose thallus. Lecanographaceae mainly includes species without a thallus (lichenicolous taxa) or with a thin crustose thallus, the only exception being Simonyella variegata with a fruticose thallus. The new species belongs to the Alyxoria ochrocheila subgroup, which includes lichens also frequently known to have anthraquinones, white pruinose hymenial discs and 3-septate ascospores. Phylogenetic analyses further determined the systematic position of the monotypic genus Phoebus. This genus, considered as an Arthoniales of uncertain family affiliation, is shown to belong to the Lecanographaceae. With its placodioid thallus, it is another example of a lichenized fungus with a deviating morphology in thallus structure for the family, increasing the number of remarkable cases of parallel evolution of lichen growth forms within the Arthoniales. Phoebus hydrophobius is newly recorded for Mexico.

Arthopyrenia tuscanensis Coppins & S. Ravera and A. coppinsii S. Ravera are described as new to science. They share the characteristic tadpole-shaped ascospores with a conical lower cell, but are otherwise comparable to A. salicis A. Massal.

Lecanographa uniseptata is described as new to science. It is characterized by having small rounded to lirellate ascomata, and 1-septate ascospores. The species is known from tropical Africa (Gabon) and tropical America (Guatemala).

The diminutive species Gyalidea praetermissa is described from Central Sweden. At the only known locality it grows on the sheltered and shaded vertical north side of a large boulder in an open pine forest. The species is mainly characterized by the 4-5-septate spores.