The new species, Schaereria bullata Kantvilas from alpine Tasmania, is described and illustrated, with notes on its characterization, distribution and habitat. A key to the seven known species of the genus is provided.

Porina otagensis P. M. McCarthy (Trichotheliaceae) is described from semi-aquatic rocks near Dunedin in the South Island of New Zealand. It has perithecia with a thin, applanate to convex, spreading involucrellum, rather short but broad, 7-septate ascospores that lack a gelatinous sheath, and comparatively broad conidia.

An account of the lichen flora of Caenlochan, in the Eastern Highlands of Scotland, is provided; it is considered to be the third most important site for calcicolous montane lichens in the UK, after Ben Lawers and Ben Alder. After evaluating all records, 322 species are accepted as having been recorded from rock and soil on high ground of which many are reported for the first time. These include Collema parvum and Rinodina parasitica new to the British Isles. The lichen flora is distributed in many small pockets, each of medium interest, so there is no single outstanding site in the corrie. Substratum variability contributes significantly to lichen diversity; the Lawers Calcareous Schists are soft and laced with seams of marble, whereas the harder hornblende schists form high cliffs that carry communities typical of rocks of intermediate base-status. The course of the Glasallt Burn is particularly varied. Severe restraints on the alpine lichen flora include the relatively low altitude (610–850 m) and sheltered situation of the calcareous strata. This adversely affects terricolous and bryophilous species. The outcrops of alkaline rock are severely limited in extent considering the reputation of Caenlochan. This is one of the driest parts of the Highlands; species of unusual abundance, such as Acarospora cervina are probably favoured by the summer water deficit, whereas others, less frequent than expected, for example Amygdalaria spp. and Collema glebulentum, may be restricted by it. Four new taxa are described: Lecidea pycnocarpa f. sorediata Coppins & Fry day, Pertusaria flavocorallina Coppins & Muhr, Polyblastia efflorescens Coppins, and Thelidium papulare f. sorediatum Coppins.

Cladonia azorica is widespread in western Great Britain, mainly as the grey colour-form lacking usnic acid. Cladonia azorica is distinguished from the related species C. portentosa and C. mediterranea by the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid, and from C. ciliata by a number of characters including the presence of perlatolic acid. The structure of the pycnidial wall may have some taxonomic significance in Cladonia subgenus Cladin

Detailed morphological investigations and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS/5.8S nrDNA, mtLSU and RPB2 of the Umbilicaria crustulosa–U. spodochroa species complex reveal Umbilicaria hirsuta var. meizospora Harm. to be a separate species. The lectotype has been designated in ANGUC and a new combination Umbilicaria meizospora (Harm.) D. M. Masson & Davydov is proposed. Umbilicaria crustulosa var. badiofusca was recognized as the heterotypic synonym of U. meizospora and the lectotype was designated based on Frey's collection preserved in G. We provide a full description of U. meizospora and outline its distribution and ecology. The species is newly reported from Austria.

Four new pyrenocarpous lichens are described from Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean: Porina deminuta (Trichotheliaceae), Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. pacifica (Pyrenulaceae), Strigula decipiens var. divisa (Strigulaceae) and Verrucaria fortuita (Verrucariaceae). The new combinations Porina eminentior (Nyl.) P. M. McCarthy and P. exocha (Nyl.) P. M. McCarthy are made for Thelenella eminentior Nyl. (Clathroporina eminentior (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.) and Verrucaria exocha Nyl. (Clathroporina exocha (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.), respectively. Brief descriptions and additional notes are provided for 26 other taxa. The phytogeographical affinities and possible origins of the pyrenocarpous lichens of Rarotonga and Lord Howe Island are discussed.

Cladonia luteoalba shows a specific pattern in chemical variability. Its chemotype coincides with that of the associated Cladonia thalli. This has led to the formation of various hypotheses, but its true nature has never been clarified. We collected C. luteoalba in Central Europe and Norway. The chemotypes were detected by TLC and the mycobionts and photobionts were identified by Sanger sequencing of ITS rDNA. Mycobiont cultures were obtained and Illumina metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 rDNA region was performed targeting minor mycobionts within the thalli. None of the methods supported C. luteoalba as a distinct Cladonia species. In phylogenetic analyses, it was placed in C. straminea and the C. coccifera agg., following the pattern in chemistry. No minor Cladonia were detected by metabarcoding or cultivation. Thus, C. luteoalba remains enigmatic as our data did not support its distinction as a separate Cladonia species.

The widespread species Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy and Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy are mainly distinguished by their reproductive strategies. While P. crinitum propagates by isidia, P. perlatum produces soredia. In this study, we aim to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship between both species and to critically examine their species boundaries. To this purpose, 46 samples belonging to P. crinitum and P. perlatum were used in our analysis, including 22 for which we studied the morphology and chemistry, before extracting their DNA. We used 35 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) of Parmotrema perlatum from Europe and Africa (20 of which were newly generated), and 11 of Parmotrema crinitum from Europe, North America and North Africa (two newly generated). Additionally, 28 sequences of several species from Parmotrema were included in the ITS dataset. The ITS data matrix was analyzed using different approaches, such as traditional phylogeny (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses), genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the coalescent-based method poisson tree processes (PTP), in order to test congruence among results. Our results indicate that all samples referred to P. crinitum and P. perlatum nested in a well-supported monophyletic clade, but phylogenetic relationships among them remain unresolved. Delimitations inferred from PTP, ABGD and genetic distance analyses were comparable and suggested that P. crinitum and P. perlatum belong to the same lineage. Interestingly, two samples of P. perlatum separate in a different monophyletic clade, which is supported as a different lineage by all the analyses.

Lecanographa uniseptata is described as new to science. It is characterized by having small rounded to lirellate ascomata, and 1-septate ascospores. The species is known from tropical Africa (Gabon) and tropical America (Guatemala).