Surgical approaches to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae are complex and cause significant morbidity. The commonest benign tumour to extend to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae is angiofibroma.

This prospective study included 15 male patients aged 12–27 years with recurrent, severe epistaxis. After computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, a modified Wormald and Robinson's two-surgeon approach was used. Follow up, with endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, ranged from two to five years.

Twelve patients were cured (endoscopically and radiologically). Three patients suffered recurrence, one each in the lateral sphenoid wall, pterygoid canal and infratemporal fossa. Revision surgery was performed, but one patient suffered another recurrence (lateral sphenoid wall with cavernous sinus infiltration) and was referred for gamma knife surgery.

This endoscopic two-surgeon technique is an excellent approach for managing angiofibroma extending to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae. Our modification markedly decreased morbidity by avoiding septum opening and sublabial incision, and by enabling better haemostasis (via maxillary artery control). Recurrence may be minimised by careful examination of the lateral sphenoid wall, pterygoid canal and infratemporal fossa pterygoid muscles.

To analyse intratympanic gentamicin injection as a treatment option in patients with monolateral Ménière's disease resistant to medical treatment.

Longitudinal, prospective, descriptive study of response to gentamicin treatment in 71 patients diagnosed with Ménière's disease and treated medically for more than a year, unsuccessfully. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria were used for diagnosis and follow up.

Complete vertigo control was obtained in 65.6 per cent of patients, and complete or substantial control in 84.37 per cent. Thirteen patients (18.3 per cent) suffered significant hearing loss.

This intratympanic gentamicin injection protocol enabled effective vertigo control in most patients, and represents a good alternative to more aggressive techniques for the treatment of Ménière's disease which does not respond to medical treatment.

To evaluate the relationship between lipoproteins, fibrinogen and sudden sensorineural hearing loss in a Croatian population. Since pathological derangement of lipoproteins and fibrinogen could be one of the causes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, we hypothesised that patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss would have more abnormal fibrinogen and lipoprotein concentrations, compared with subjects with normal hearing.

Plasma concentrations of cholesterol, fibrinogen and triglycerides in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss were compared with those in a control group (i.e. subjects with normal hearing function).

Patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss had significantly higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared with controls.

Higher cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were found in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, within a Croatian population. Cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations may be important factors in the pathogenesis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and should be assessed during the investigation of patients with this condition.

To investigate the efficacy of intratympanic steroid therapy in adults with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and to analyse the factors associated with treatment outcome.

Retrospective study of patients undergoing intratympanic steroid injection for sudden sensorineural hearing loss between 1 January 2006 and 30 June 2007 at a teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan.

Patients who received intratympanic steroid therapy within seven days of disease onset achieved a significantly better response rate (76.1 per cent), compared with the delayed treatment group (50 per cent). The total response rate, after four steroid injections, was 68.9 per cent. Patients with low and mid-frequency hearing loss were more responsive to steroid treatment. Vertigo was a negative prognostic factor for recovery. There were no long-term sequelae of intratympanic steroid treatment.

Intratympanic steroid injection may be a simple and effective treatment for patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

This study aimed to evaluate voice and quality of life after transoral laser resection of early glottic carcinoma.

We studied 19 patients undergoing transoral laser resection of tumour stage (T) one or T2 glottic carcinoma. Laryngeal function was evaluated by video-stroboscopy, vocal function by the Voice Symptom Scale, the grade-roughness-breathiness-asthenia-strain scale and objective phoniatric assessment, and quality of life by the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire.

Patients’ glottic carcinoma tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging was T1 N0 M0 in 14 patients and T2 N0 M0 in five. Overall voice grade, roughness and breathiness were mild to moderate in 84 per cent; asthenia and voice strain were more uniformly distributed, with 15 per cent of patients having normal voice quality. Eight patients developed a glottic web post-operatively; anterior commissure web was significantly associated with worse voice grade (p = 0.05). Seven patients (47 per cent) had a ‘mucosal wave’ on the operated vocal fold; this was significantly associated with less strain on phonation (p = 0.05). Voice Symptom Scale score was low overall (15 patients (78.9 per cent) scored less than 30). The fundamental frequency and frequency irregularity were normal in nine patients (47.3 per cent); the closed quotient was normal in six (31.5 per cent). The averaged quality of life score was ≥90 in 14 patients (73.7 per cent); 18 (94.7 per cent) felt their health-related quality of life was either the same or better post-operatively; and overall quality of life was positive in all.

Transoral laser resection of T1 and T2 glottic carcinoma enables adequate tumour tissue excision with preservation of acceptable vocal function. Most patients’ post-operative quality of life is very good. Anterior commissure web formation is associated with poorer vocal function.

To present the auditory implant manipulator, a navigation-controlled mechanical and electronic system which enables minimally invasive (‘keyhole’) transmastoid access to the tympanic cavity.

The auditory implant manipulator is a miniaturised robotic system with five axes of movement and an integrated drill. It can be mounted on the operating table. We evaluated the surgical work field provided by the system, and the work sequence involved, using an anatomical whole head specimen.

The work field provided by the auditory implant manipulator is considerably greater than required for conventional mastoidectomy. The work sequence for a keyhole procedure included pre-operative planning, arrangement of equipment, the procedure itself and post-operative analysis.

Although system improvements are necessary, our preliminary results indicate that the auditory implant manipulator has the potential to perform keyhole insertion of implantable hearing devices.

Mucormycosis is an aggressive fungal infection which may still cause fatal complications. However, the rarity of this disease has made optimal treatment a controversial issue. This study aimed to evaluate the use of topical amphotericin B in endoscopic management of rhinocerebral mucormycosis.

Thirty patients with infection limited to the nose and sinuses were selected. Patients underwent endoscopic debridement of all necrotic tissue; cottonoid pledgets soaked in amphotericin B solution were then placed in the nasal cavity. Subsequently, long-term antifungal therapy was administered.

The overall survival rate was 60 per cent (18 cases); survival rates in the diabetic and malignancy groups were 70.58 and 40 per cent, respectively. Apart from predisposing factors, orbital and maxillary sinus involvement also had a significant correlation with patient outcome.

Topical use of amphotericin B combined with endoscopic surgical debridement, followed by intravenous amphotericin B treatment, may constitute acceptable management for selected patients, with less morbidity than conventional treatments.

To compare Rapid Rhino and Merocel packs for nasal packing after septoplasty, in terms of patient tolerance (both with the pack in place and during removal) and post-operative complications.

Thirty patients (aged 18–40 years) scheduled for septoplasty were included. Following surgery, one nasal cavity was packed with Rapid Rhino and the other one with Merocel. Patients were asked to record pain levels on a visual analogue score, on both sides, with the packs in situ and during their removal the next day. After pack removal, bleeding was compared on both sides.

The mean ± standard deviation pain score for the Rapid Rhino pack in situ (4.17 ± 1.78) was less than that for the Merocel pack (4.73 ± 2.05), but not significantly so (p = 0.314). The mean pain score for Rapid Rhino pack removal (4.13 ± 1.76) was significantly less that that for Merocel (6.90 ± 1.67; p = 0.001). Bleeding after pack removal was significantly less for the Rapid Rhino sides compared with the Merocel sides (p <0.05).

Rapid Rhino nasal packs are less painful and cause less bleeding, compared with Merocel packs, with no side effects. Thus, their use for nasal packing after septal surgery is recommended.

Chronic rhinosinusitis is commonly treated by functional endoscopic sinus surgery involving excision of the uncinate process and opening of the osteomeatal complex.

Computational fluid dynamics were used to compare nasal airflow after two different surgical interventions which involved opening the paranasal sinuses, excising the ethmoid sinus, and excising or preserving the uncinate process, in a cadaveric head model. Cross-sectional computed tomography images were obtained before and after the interventions. Imaging data were used to prepare computer simulations, which were used to assess the airflow characteristics of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses during inspiration and expiration, before and after intervention.

Significantly larger nasal cavity airflow velocity changes were apparent following the uncinate process excising procedure. Nasal cavity airflow distribution remained relatively unchanged following the uncinate process preserving procedure. There was a significantly greater increase in airflow volume following the uncinate process excising procedure, compared with the uncinate process preserving procedure.

Preservation of the uncinate process may significantly reduce the alteration of nasal cavity airflow dynamics occurring after functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.

To evaluate the effect of early postnatal air-conduction auditory deprivation on the development and function of the rat spiral ganglion.

Randomised animal study.

Sixty neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: controls (n = 30) given regular chow and water ad libitum; and study animals (n = 30) fed within a soundproof chamber. Auditory brainstem response testing was conducted in both groups on postnatal day 42.

Auditory deprivation between postnatal days 12 and 42 resulted in an increased hearing threshold and reduced auditory brainstem response amplitudes, together with degeneration of type I spiral ganglion neurons and the presence of apoptotic cells.

Non-invasive auditory deprivation during a critical developmental period resulted in numerous changes in rat cochlear function and morphology.

The geometry of the adult human mastoid air cell system has not previously been described over a large range of mastoid air cell volumes.

Twenty subjects with a wide range of mastoid air cell pneumatised areas, as determined by X-ray, underwent computed tomography scanning of the middle ear. Mastoid air cell surface areas and volumes were then reconstructed from serial imaging sections, using Image J software.

Mastoid air cell volumes varied from 0.7 to 21.4 ml, and were linearly related to the pneumatised area. Right and left mastoid air cell volumes and surface areas were highly correlated. The mastoid air cell surface area was a linear function of volume.

The relationship between mastoid air cell surface area and volume is similar over a wide range of volumes. Given that the rate of gas exchange across the mastoid air cell mucosa is related to the mastoid air cell surface area, that rate will thus also be a direct linear function of the mastoid air cell volume.

To evaluate endoscopic cauterisation of the sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle, as treatment for intractable posterior epistaxis, with regard to efficacy, safety and post-operative sequelae.

A prospective study reviewed 42 patients with severe posterior epistaxis who were treated with endoscopic cauterisation of the sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle, over a 17-month period.

Hypertension and hepatic disease were present as predisposing factors in 66.7 and 35.7 per cent of patients, respectively. Branching of the sphenopalatine artery at its foramen was present in more than 85 per cent of patients. The success rate was 100 per cent, with no recurrent epistaxis in the follow-up period. Severe nasal dryness was present in only four patients (9.5 per cent); hypoaesthesia was found in the nasal mucosa of eight patients, without any patient complaints.

Endoscopic sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle cauterisation is an effective treatment for refractory posterior epistaxis. In this study, neurovascular bundle cauterisation did not cause any neurological deficits or major complications.

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease is a chronic disorder involving the eye and the central nervous, auditory, vestibular and integumentary systems. This study aimed to determine the auditory and vestibular manifestations of this disease.

Twenty-four patients diagnosed with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease were assessed for auditory and vestibular dysfunction.

Uveitis presents in all cases. Sensory hearing loss was present in 50 per cent of cases, tinnitus in 42 per cent, vertigo in 17 per cent and headache in 17 per cent. Nine patients received systemic steroids. Six patients who were treated early regained their hearing, but three patients whose treatment was delayed did not. One patient with bilateral profound hearing loss underwent cochlear implantation, and achieved excellent post-implantation hearing.

There is a high incidence of cochlear and vestibular end-organ involvement in patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease. The adequacy and timing of treatment has a significant effect on the disease outcome. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease appears to affect the inner ear end-organ. Patients who develop bilateral profound sensory hearing loss are suitable candidates for cochlear implantation.

To determine the negative predictive value of normal nasal endoscopy in assessing paranasal sinus disease as the cause of isolated facial pain in the sinus regions.

The study group comprised 42 consecutive adult patients presenting with the isolated symptom of facial pain, and a negative nasal endoscopy. Patients underwent sinus computed tomography to determine whether radiographic findings indicated a sinugenic aetiology.

Patients comprised 27 women and 15 men, with a median age of 38 years. Twenty patients had unilateral pain, 33 per cent had sinus radiographic findings that might explain their facial pain, and 10 per cent had imaging demonstrating mucosal disease in one or more sinuses correlating with the location of the facial pain. Thirty-one per cent had anatomical radiographic findings that could potentially obstruct the osteomeatal unit.

Normal nasal endoscopy had a negative predictive value of 67 per cent in excluding a sinugenic cause of isolated facial pain, if radiographically determined anatomical factors and mucosal disease were both included as positive findings; this rose to more than 90 per cent if only those patients with mucosal sinus disease were considered as true positive patients.

To assess the effect of pomegranate extract on acute inflammation due to myringotomy.

Prospective, randomised study.

Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group one constituted controls. Group two underwent myringotomy. Group three underwent myringotomy and also received 100 µl/day pomegranate extract, via gavage, one day before and two days after surgery. Following sacrifice 48 hours after myringotomy, the animals' right ears were used to determine the concentration of reactive oxygen species, using the chemiluminescence method; left ears were used for histological study.

Reactive oxygen species levels were significantly decreased in group three compared with group two (p < 0.01). The density of inflammatory cells in group three was significantly less than that in group two (p < 0.01). Lamina propria thickness and vessel density were also significantly decreased in group three compared with group two (p < 0.01).

Our results indicate that oral pomegranate extract decreases reactive oxygen species concentration and acute inflammation in the tympanic membrane after myringotomy.

Nasal septal perforation can cause troublesome symptoms. Surgical repair is indicated in symptomatic patients. Many approaches and techniques have been described, each with its advantages and indications.

The study included six patients with symptomatic nasal septal perforations sized 1–2.5 cm horizontally by 0.5–1.5 vertically. Patient symptoms included nasal crusts (all patients), nasal obstruction (five), cacosmia (three) and recurrent epistaxis (three). Patients underwent endonasal endoscopic repair using an inferior turbinate free graft applied between the mucoperichondrium of both septum sides. Follow up ranged from six months to two years.

Five patients (83 per cent) had complete perforation closure and one had partial closure. All patients were symptom-free post-operatively.

This endoscopic endonasal approach, using an inferior turbinate free graft, is effective in closing small and medium-sized nasal septal perforations.

Epistaxis can be caused or exacerbated by anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. This prospective study assessed the prevalence of epistaxis in patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication, and monitored differences in patients’ clinical courses.

Prospective data were collected for consecutive patients referred with epistaxis from the emergency department over a seven-month period. Emergency department records were used to investigate prevalence and referral rates.

Over the study period, 290 patients presented to the emergency department with epistaxis; this represented 0.9 per cent of all emergency attendances. Of these patients, 119 (39 per cent) were referred on to the ENT department, 62 per cent of whom were currently taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication were a significantly older group (relative risk 1.50 (1.08–2.28), p = 0.01) requiring longer in-patient stays (relative risk 2.50 (1.01–4.97), p = 0.01) and more aggressive local haemostasis measures. Most patients taking warfarin had an international normalised ratio outside the appropriate range for their disease. Hypertension was not a factor in these patients’ clinical course.

Increasingly, emergency and ENT departments are being presented with epistaxis in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. A better understanding of such medication and its effects may enable more effective management of these patients.

To report our experience of the management of patients with primary sinonasal malignant melanoma, and to review the relevant medical literature.

Retrospective review examining treatment and outcomes.

Twenty-four patients were treated between 1982 and 2007. The mean age at presentation was 67.5 years. The overall five-year survival was 30 per cent; mean survival was three years and eight months.

Sinonasal malignant melanoma is associated with a poor outcome, and survival statistics have not improved over the last 40 years. Treatment should include radical surgery wherever possible. Local recurrence is common; radiotherapy may help control this but does not appear to affect overall survival. The limited evidence available suggests that endoscopic removal of sinonasal malignant melanoma is as effective as other local surgical means, but that craniofacial resection remains the ‘gold standard’ for tumours that contact or traverse the skull base. Novel biological treatments are emerging and hold promise for the future.

To investigate the therapeutic effects of antioxidants on the clinical and biochemical outcome of patients with nasal polyposis.

Thirty-four patients with nasal polyposis were divided into two groups receiving either intranasal steroid or intranasal steroid plus per-oral vitamins A, C and E and selenium. Paranasal sinus computed tomography, endoscopy, and polyp tissue and serum sampling were conducted pre- and post-therapy. Serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, nitrite and myeloperoxidase and tissue levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were measured. Group results were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Both groups had significantly lower tissue parameters, computed tomography scores and serum malondialdehyde levels, comparing pre- versus post-treatment results. Post-treatment, the steroid plus antioxidant group had significantly lower tissue malondialdehyde levels and a greater fall in tissue and serum malondialdehyde, compared with the steroid group.

Serum and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (an oxidative marker) were significantly decreased by adding antioxidants to standard therapy. This is the first report of the positive effects of adding antioxidants to steroid therapy for nasal polyposis.