Due to their periodic nature, metasurfaces used to perform anomalous reflection raise parasitic harmonic reflections. We show a classical synthesis example of such a structure and highlight its limitations. Floquet analysis and its associated simulation environment are exploited to understand the origin of these parasitic reflections and to mitigate them. The proposed method is based on the optimization of the metasurface periodic pattern: the supercell. A predictive method is built to calculate radar cross-section patterns from supercell Floquet simulation, avoiding dealing with heavy simulations. The proposed model, the optimization outputs, and the general results are exposed in details. Different cases are also discussed to prove the repeatability of the proposed method. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the European Microwave Conference and was published in its proceedings.

This paper presents a broadband Butler-based slant ±45° dual-polarized omni-directional antenna working at the frequency band of 1.69–2.69 GHz for extending wireless communication network capacity in the limited service size. The proposed antenna realizes a 360° full coverage with wider bandwidth in a compact cylinder and increases the network capacity to 6 × 6 MIMO instead of using three traditional 2 × 2 MIMO omni-directional antennas. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and fabrication are conducted to validate the idea of the proposed omni-directional antenna. The measured results show 46% bandwidth with 15 dB return loss, 2.2 dB azimuth null and 8.9–10.5 dBi gain for port-C with 0° phase increment, and 14.1 dB azimuth null and 9.6–10.6 dBi gain for port-L/R (left/right) with ±120° phase increment, respectively.

In this study, a compact modified circular ring-based circuit analog absorber (CAA) is proposed. It comprises a resistor-loaded frequency selective surface (FSS) underneath an FR-4 substrate, and the other end is terminated with a perfect electric conductor (PEC) separated by an air-spacer. The proposed design shows a minimum −10 dB reflectance from 10.55 to 36.03 GHz (25.48 GHz bandwidth and 109.4% fractional bandwidth) with two dips at 13.5 GHz and 35.23 GHz having reflectivity −17.18 dB and −24.9 dB, respectively. The existing four-fold circular symmetry architecture shows insensitivity for different polarization angles under normal incidences and up to 45° stability for Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes under oblique incidences. The proposed cell is compact with a periodicity of 0.193λL, and a thickness of 0.09λL, where λL is the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency of the absorption band. The novelty of the design lies in the topology of using an underneath FSS to take advantage of effective permittivity control for both broader bandwidth and better angular stability. To demonstrate the ability of the proposed design, a 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna prototype is fabricated, and its radar cross section (RCS) is measured after loading with the absorber. A 15.15 dBsm RCS reduction is observed in comparison with the PEC. The authors strongly believe that the proposed design has potential applications such as RCS reduction and radio-frequency energy harvesting.

In this paper, we propose a machine-based classification technique using the scattering parameters obtained using a wearable wideband textile antenna to diagnose breast tumors. The breast phantom is formed following the dielectric properties of the human breast tissues and characterized to ensure the resemblance with a actual tissue model for the range of frequencies from 3 to 10 GHz. A biocompatible textile antenna is fabricated and embedded on an artificial breast phantom model to capture the variation of the reflection coefficient S11 and the transmission coefficient S21 for frequencies 3–10 GHz for different locations and sizes of tumors within the phantom model. Support vector machine is used to classify the healthy tissues from the malignant tumors based on the variation of the scattering parameters owing to the variation of the dielectric characteristics of the breast phantom model. The proposed method offers 84% and 89% accuracy while using S11 and S21 parameters alone for the analysis. However, the results further improve up to 93% as a combination of S11 and S21 signals is considered.

In this paper, a new design approach for the six-port (SP) junction is introduced. The proposed design includes a generalized broadband matching and smooth miniaturization scheme and is extendable for any passive multiport structure. A multilayer technology and a microstrip to slot coupling operation are employed for the designed SP, which comprises power divider and three hybrid couplers. The conducted measurements of the constructed SP junctions validates the design approach. Optimal performance of the SP network in terms of miniaturization, bandwidth, and response accuracy were obtained for the 5G low band.

In through-wall radar system, the wall parameters, including permittivity, and wall thickness are of crucial importance for locating targets precisely. Recently, to obtain a quick and accurate estimation of wall parameters, an approach based on machine learning was introduced. However, these approaches are less reliable as only simulations results are presented. One of the major concerns with machine learning-based approaches is the generation of training and testing data which require fabrication of wall with different permittivity, thickness, and conductivity. Creating walls with different permittivity, thickness, and conductivity can really be challenging and expensive. Therefore, an effort has been made in this paper to establish a cost-effective and robust machine learning-based wall parameter estimation process with the usage of transmission line method and artificial neural network. The implementation and efficacy of proposed approach have been demonstrated through simulation and experimental results. The proposed approach quickly and accurately predicted the wall relative permittivity and thickness of real building wall. The merit of proposed approach is that it is less complex and computational efficient as it can extract wall parameters from only one measurement and therefore can be used in conjunction with any commercial through-wall radar systems.

Extreme-high-speed communication exceeding 100 Gbps is one requirement for 6G. To satisfy extreme-high-speed-communication, one solution is to utilize terahertz bands above 100 GHz. To determine the new radio-interface technologies and service frequency bands for 6G, terahertz propagation characteristics above 100 GHz need to be understood. In this paper, we introduce our new radio-network topology for 6G and then show the frequency dependency of key propagation phenomena such as the characteristics of path loss in an urban environment, human blockage, and scattering from a rough building surface up to 150 GHz. Human blockage loss increases and the scattering is more diffused as the frequency increases. In the path-loss characteristics, it was found that path-loss frequency dependency is stronger than that given by conventional path-loss model because of scattering effects from a rough building surface.

This paper presents a polarization switchable self-oscillating active integrated array antenna (AIAA) using a multi-layer approach. The antenna comprises two antenna elements, four PIN diodes, and a Gunn oscillator employing a microstrip line resonator. Reconfiguring the feed network of the array antenna realizes slant polarization (± 45°) switching. The multi-layer structure allows the patch spacing to be adjusted, thereby helping to minimize the antenna's sidelobe level. The Gunn oscillator, which employs a λ/2 microstrip–line resonator, is placed at the bottom layer. The proposed AIAA has an effective isotopic radiated power (EIRP) of + 18.25 dBm at the oscillation frequency of 9.47 GHz. EIRP is improved by better than 8.45 dB compared to the single-layer structure. The proposed AIAA features a transmitted power of + 8.45 dBm, DC-to-RF efficiency of 1.0%, and a low phase noise of −101.8 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency with better than 12-dB cross-polarization suppression.

This paper presents a novel, simple, and efficient pulse generation technique using BJTs in avalanche mode with mixer effect. The presented design is an improved version of the basic single transistor avalanche pulse generator, and it composes of two identical pulse generators that drive a common 50-Ω load resistor at the output. The output signal exhibits wider bandwidth and narrower pulsewidth, compared to the basic single transistor circuit. The presented pulse generator also provides increased power output without using any power amplifier, and can be used in ground-penetrating radar and ultra-wideband communication systems.

In this research article, a metasurface (MTS)-loaded high-gain and broadband circularly polarized (CP) monopole antenna is reported. The proposed antenna configuration consists of a symmetric Y-shaped radiating monopole over a partial ground plane with extended twin parasitic conducting strips (PCS) loaded with a MTS reflector. To achieve left-hand circular polarization characteristics, a metallic copper strip is utilized to short the partial ground plane with one of the twin PCS [PCS(L)]. By using the grid-slotted sub patches on a rectangular MTS a reflector of 2λfa × 1.65λfa × 0.02λfa is placed just below the monopole radiator at a height of 0.33λfa, which provides broadened impedance (IBW) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) responses with high gain. The proposed prototype with an volumetric dimension of 1.33λfa × 0.9λfa × 0.02λfa at fa = 5 GHz is designed and characterized. It exhibits a measured IBW of 48.45% (3.57–5.89 GHz), ARBW of 25.25% (4.21–5.42 GHz), and CP gain of > 8.35 dBic with the antenna efficiency of > 75% in the desired operating frequency bands. The obtained performances of the proposed MTS antenna confirm its suitability for RF energy harvesting application.

In this article, an ultra-wideband printed flexible monopole antenna is proposed for indoor wireless communications. A flexible Rogers RO3003 is used as a substrate, and its performance is estimated for a flat state and when subject to bending along the y-axis. A 2.45 and 5.8 GHz dual-band textile artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface consisting of a 4 × 4 unit-cell array was integrated into antenna design with optimum separation distance to extend its potential applications to wearable on-body communications. The specific absorption rate (SAR) levels were numerically investigated using the Hugo human voxel model at both frequencies to evaluate the on-body safety level. Detailed analysis is presented for antenna designs of flat and bent states in free space and on the human body. The proposed UWB flexible antenna has the size of 41 × 38 × 0.25 mm (0.33λ0 × 0.31λ0 × 0.002λ0 at 2.45 GHz). It was added at a distance of 3 mm above a textile AMC surface of 99 × 99 mm. The integrated model is fabricated and experimentally characterized. Measured data and numerical results show that the impedance matching and radiation characteristics are slightly affected by introducing the bending and human body loading. With these remarkable features, the integrated model can be utilized for wireless indoor and wearable applications.

This paper presents a pattern diversity UWB antenna for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communications. Pattern diversity antenna comprises two antenna elements with directional and omnidirectional patterns suitable for off-body and on-body communications respectively. Several broad-banding techniques such as Co-Planar waveguide, parasitic patches, and cavity resonant techniques are incorporated in microstrip antenna to achieve an ultra-wideband of 7.5 GHz (3.1 to 10.6 GHz) with a directional pattern. Monopole radiator topology is utilized to achieve a UWB frequency range of 2.6–10.6 GHz with an omnidirectional pattern. Pattern diversity is achieved using an orthogonal arrangement of the antenna elements in a compact size of 40 mm × 34 mm, maintaining the isolation >20 dB between the antennas. Gain varies from 2.2 to 4.6 dBi and 2.5 to 7.5 dBi for omnidirectional and directional antenna respectively. The simulated radiation efficiency for the directional antenna and the omnidirectional antenna are 74–86% and 52–66.5% respectively. The proposed design provides a good diversity performance in the entire UWB bandwidth with ECC<0.1 and a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB. SAR impact evaluated under various conditions is found to be <1.6 W/Kg for 1 gram of tissue.

This article presents a compact rectangular impedance resonator (RIR)–based ultra-wideband bandpass filter with an improved reflection coefficient within the passband and controllable cut-off frequencies. The proposed filter consists of anti-parallel coupled RIR coupled with rectangular open-loop defected ground structure (ROL-DGS) etched on the ground plane. The ROL-DGS ensures better in-band and out-off-band characteristics with reduced size due to its high Q-factor. The short- and open-circuit stubs control the lower (fCL) and upper (fCU) 3-dB cut-off frequencies, respectively, by originating transmission zeros independently with the help of variations in design parameters. As a result, the filter having a compact size of 0.216λCL × 0.176λCL is achieved, where λCL is the corresponding guided wavelength at the lower cut-off frequency fCL of 2.95 GHz. Further, an equivalent circuit is also modeled to explain the working of the proposed filter, and equivalent lumped parameters were extracted. Simulated results reveal that the reported filter passes the frequencies effectively within 2.95–11.44 GHz with fractional bandwidth of 117.9%. The simulated insertion loss values within the passband are less than 1.17 dB, and the reflection coefficient is better than −19.6 dB. Further, the proposed filter is fabricated, and it was found that the measured and simulation results are in well agreement.

Extraction of reference signal is an indispensable step in the signal processing of polarization diversity passive radar (PDPR) based on a digital television signal. A conventional reference signal extraction method requires an additional reference antenna, which has a certain demand for space. Single dual-polarization antenna passive radar (SDPPR) systems do not require a reference antenna, and the radar station layout is flexible, which is suitable for a large-scale radar network. It is a main research direction of PDPR in future. However, its reference signal extraction needs to rely on the signal reconstruction method. When the signal to interference and noise ratio of the direct-path signal is relatively low, the signal reconstruction method will fail. In this paper, we propose a reference signal extraction method based on sub-carrier processing method, blind adaptive oblique projection technology, and extensive cancelation algorithm to solve the above problem. Experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper is a reasonable alternative after the failure of reference signal reconstruction, and it is an effective supplement to the reference signal extraction technology.

A high image rejection 38 GHz demodulator in TSMC 65-nm CMOS process is presented. To achieve better than −40 dBc image rejection ratio (IRR), a low I/Q mismatch 45° LO power splitter of sub-harmonic mixer is proposed. In this design, the 45° LO power splitter is composed of a Wilkinson divider, a series delay line with electrical length of 45° on one side of the divider, and a shunt 90° transmission line on the other side. This configuration is attractive because of its design simplicity and easy fabrication. Compared with the conventional techniques that utilize capacitors and inductors instead of the shunt 90° transmission line, the proposed LO power splitter can alleviate the issue of process variation. The demodulator demonstrates an IRR lower than −40 dBc from 37.5 to 41.5 GHz. In addition, conversion gain is 1.3 ± 0.9 dB from 33 to 41 GHz with 6 dBm LO power. The total direct current power consumption is 78 mW from 1.0 V supply voltage. At the modulation scheme of 4096-QAM, the proposed demodulator demonstrates 1.7% (−35.1 dB) error vector magnitude (EVM), which is very close to the EVM measurement floor 1.6% (−36 dB) of our millimeter-wave signal analyzer.

With increasing demands on resolution and flexibility in current and future radar applications, the focus is moving to digital radar systems such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) radars. To achieve high bandwidths and consequently a high range resolution, high sampling rates are needed. To overcome this constraint, an approach called frequency comb OFDM radar has been developed. This paper presents a novel, hardware efficient implementation of such a frequency comb OFDM radar including a novel way of comb generation. Special attention is put on the suppression of unwanted frequency components. Measurements which demonstrate the functionality of the hardware efficient radar system in combination with the frequency comb OFDM technique are presented.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) and was published in its Proceedings. This paper describes a design, fabrication, and characterization of a planar frequency-coded retroreflector for indoor localization. The retroreflector is fabricated in high-resistive silicon and consists of a Luneburg lens antenna and a photonic crystal high-Q resonator reflective layer, providing ranging and identification within the same tag and bandwidth. The Luneburg lens antenna presents a measured gain of 21.63 dBi at a design frequency of 240 GHz. The frequency-coded retroreflector allows for ranging in a continuous 130 degree angular range in azimuthal plane, with a discrete but repeatable two-resonance identification over multiples of 15 degree. Its maximum measured radar cross-section is −23.48 dBsqm at a frequency of 240 GHz. The retroreflective tag set in ideal line-of-sight situation is compared to a non-line-of-sight arrangement showing the influence of a metallic rod as an obstacle on the overall tag detection parameters. Finally, the successful read-out of the retroreflective tag is discussed in unknown environments, where no a-priori information is available.

A printed ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple input multiple output antenna with isolation enhancement and pattern diversity is presented, which is based on characteristic modes (CM) for upcoming wireless mobile platforms. The presented antenna is composed of dual UWB antenna elements (AEs) – an antipodal Vivaldi and a circular-shaped monopole positioned on the two opposite edges of the antenna's rectangular-shaped ground surface. The two AEs are capable to stimulate distinct modes in the ground surface and therefore obtaining the required distinct radiation (far-field) patterns and highly isolated AEs without introducing any decoupling structure (DS). The measured results demonstrate that both AEs are UWB with an operating frequency from 2.6 to 11 GHz. The measured isolation is more than 30.1 dB with a maximum value of 55 dB in UWB. The peak realized gain is over 0.83 dBi. The radiation efficiency is greater than 75%. The Envelope Correlation Coefficient is <0.08.

This paper presents a new method to reveal the relation between the surface deformation and near-field amplitude of a reflector antenna based on complex geometrical optics, which could be used as an efficient way to estimate the antenna surface verified by simulation results. The measurement process based on this method is envisaged to be realized by a single scanning of the near-field amplitude which would overcome many limitations of radio holography and phase retrieval methods such as the frequency and elevation. The largest source of error in the original deformation-amplitude equation (DAE) has been corrected by considering the Gaussian feed as a complex point source. To track the ray trajectory so that the improved DAE could be solved, an iteration method including a golden section search algorithm is designed to make the solution converge. By solving the modified DAE, simulation result shows that a more accurate solution could be obtained, and the antenna surface could be recovered to a root mean square error of under 30 microns.

A rectangular monopole antenna with an extended ground, excited by Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) and backed by a 6 × 6 array of fractal artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) unit cells, resonating at 5.8 GHz in Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, is presented in this manuscript. To attain the objective of proposing a compact and economical antenna solution for employment in wearable biomedical domain, a novel approach of utilizing both surfaces of the same dielectric for engraving antenna element as well as AMC array is adopted. It results in the elimination of layers of expensive substrate (RO3003) and of thick separator (foam) between antenna and AMC array. During measurement in open space, the proposed antenna system exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 570 MHz with a gain of 7.9 dBi. While a total realized gain of 7.5 dBi, amounting to a gain enhancement of about 3 dB as compared to that of monopole alone, is observed when the integrated antenna system is placed just over a three-layer rectangular human body equivalent model. Specific absorption rate values, as calculated at 5.8 GHz and averaged over 1 and 10 g of human tissue, are 0.0117 and 0.00244 W/kg, respectively. Obtained results strongly advocate the use of the proposed antenna system in smart wearable healthcare devices.