The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Conversion disorder (CD) is an uncommon but highly disabling condition. Affected children and adolescents are often severely impaired and at risk of serious long-term physical and psychosocial complications. Despite the enormous personal suffering and health resource implications of CD, little research has been done.

To update our knowledge about CD in adolescents, with a comprehensive review of the literature with special focus in prevalence, psychosocial factors, diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

To present the most relevant data of our review with a clinical illustration that provides a practical vision of this disorder.

A systematic literature review was performed in MEDLINE, with particular interest in papers published in the last 10 years. Clinical illustration is provided by a case selected from an outpatient child and adolescent mental health service.

Few reliable prevalence data are available; the range goes from 0.2 in a German study to 31% in non-western clinical settings. Diagnosis is based on a constellation of features and treatment should involve several heath care professionals. CD has a favourable outcome in children and adolescents. However, mood and/or anxiety disorders are encountered at a considerable rate even after recovery from conversion symptoms. Long clinical follow-up seems appropriate.

The expression of emotional distress in the form of physical complaints is common in children. Nevertheless, the most severe presentation of physical symptoms is not a common topic in literature. More research should be done to improve our understanding of this disabling disorder.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Hoarding disorder is described in the DSM-5 as a new clinical entity whose essential characteristic is the persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, arguing reasons of utility, aesthetics, attachment or strong fear of losing Information.

We present the case of an 11-year-old male patient brought to the Health Mental office when his mother found in the school bag debris that he had collected from the garbage, and useless objects in a bedroom drawer. The patient recognizes the nonsense of his behaviour but is unable to get rid of these objects but he allows his mother to do it. He had lowered school performance and showed irritable, shy and solitary, difficulties to sleep and cried often without apparent reason. They also noted since six months before, strange movements with the neck and eyes.

After ruling out, underlying organic pathology, we started treatment with sertraline 50 mg, aripiprazole 2.5 mg and cognitive behavioural therapy, with complete disappearance of symptoms including the movement disorder.

Obsessive compulsive disorder 300.3 (F42); Hoarding disorder 300.3 (F42); Provisional Tic disorder 307.21 (F95.0).

Hoarding behaviour of strange objects is very unusual in Hoarding Disorder but more common in the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In this case report, we consider the possibility of both disorders.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The diagnosis of schizophrenia in children is rare. Less than 4% of schizophrenic patients begin before age 15 being much less stable than in adults as an entity in time. It is estimated that only 50% of diagnoses of schizophrenia in patients under 15 years are maintained over time. The most frequent differential diagnoses are bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder.

A case of a patient of 18 years old admitted in our service with diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia due to the presence of delusional symptoms at age of 14 and due his evolution with impaired overall performance is presented. Upon arrival he presented delusions, self-referentiality and a strange phenotype with a pitched voice. Clinical history included presence of sexual abuse prior to debut of psychotic symptoms and rare medical comorbidity (diagnosed at age 15 of hypertension and paroxysmal sinus tachycardia). A kariotipe was done in a previous admission with normal results.

During hospitalization symptomatic remission was achieved in just two days by decreasing antipsychotic potency of the treatment, he also presented elevated metanephrines and also elevated plasma aldosterone and renin in blood tests.

We discuss the differential diagnosis including schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder with dissociative symptoms and endocrine pathology (pheochromocytoma and hyperaldosteronism).

L. Galindo is a Rio Hortega fellowship (ISC III; CM14/00111).

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by abnormal airways secretions, chronic endobronchial infection, and progressive airway obstruction. In Portugal is estimated 30–40 born children with CF per year. The prognosis of CF has changed over the last decade, death in childhood is now rare, and children born today are likely to have a mean life expectancy of over 40–50 years. An understanding of the psychiatric aspects of CF is more important than ever.

Review published and referenced scientific articles on MedLine/PubMed.

Researchers found CF can affect the patient and their family in many ways. Physical and social restrictions, the rigorous medical regimen, hospital admissions, concerns about illness, and uncertainties of the future can create anxiety and depression in patients and parent alike. They also may have problems with interpersonal relationships resulting in isolation and social maladjustment. Some studies also reported an increased risk of develop an insecure attachment and less adapted eating behaviors. The essential responsibilities of psychiatrist are: evaluating the psychiatric effects of living with CF, comprehensive assessment and intervention when emotional, behavioural and psychological difficulties arise and providing support.

Awareness of types of emotional strain experienced by these children and their families can be of use to avert potential problems which may seriously impair therapeutic effectiveness and the patient's well being. Management requires an interdisciplinary team to maximise longevity and quality of life. All patients and their families must be offered the opportunity to meet with a Child and adolescents psychiatrist.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Fear is a distressing emotion aroused by a risk or a damage, real or imaginary. Fears have a warning function against dangers. Nevertheless, fear can also become in one of the most limiting elements of a person's life.

To characterize the profile of fears presented in a sample of 19 children, aged between 8 and 13 years old, who had previously been diagnosed with one of the following: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia.

The sample was taken from patients who participated in a cognitive-behavioral group therapy. The Spanish version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R) questionnaire was employed. The FSSC-R asks children to indicate on a 3-point scale (‘none’, ‘some’, ‘a lot’) how much they fear 80 specific stimuli or situations. Five basic categories of fears can be stablished: failure and criticism (17 items); the unknown (17 items); minor injury and small animals (13 items); danger and death (16 items); medical fears (5 items).

The sample includes 19 children: 12 boys (63.2%) and 7 girls (36.8%). The median age is 10.74 years. The sample shows 15 excessive fears on average (those scored as ‘a lot’). Girls show higher rates of excessive fears than boys: 19 versus 13. The most common fears were ‘being hit by a car or truck’, ‘bombing attacks. Being invaded’, ‘a burglar breaking into our house’ and ‘falling from high places’.

Most common excessive fears belong to danger and death category. Females report more fears than males.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Adolescents in Nigeria tend to report feelings of mental, physical and general fatigue without having correspondingly exerted themselves to trigger this. This tiredness has been observed to also affect their sleep habits.

We set out to investigate how the report of tiredness by in-school adolescents tends to affect their sleep habits both on weekdays and weekends.

The Tripartite Fatigue Scale (TFS) and a modified version of the School Sleep Habits Survey (SSHS) were administered on 606 (272 males and 334 females) secondary school adolescents in Lagos and Ogun states of Nigeria aged between 12–19 years (χ2 = 15.24; SD = 1.42) in their classrooms.

A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyse the effect of fatigue on the sleep habits of adolescents. The result shows that fatigue significantly affects the sleep habits of adolescents during weekends and weekdays, F (3, 602) = 20.068, P ≤ 0.01; Pillai's Trace = 0.91, partial η2 = 0.91. The adolescents also reported general inadequate sleep (χ2 = 6.29 SD = 2.32), less than the required amount of adequate sleep their age. Additional Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) result showed that fatigue significantly affected the students self-reported grade F (3, 605) = 5.32, P = 0.01.

The present study has empirically highlighted that the consistent complaint of tiredness by secondary school adolescents in Nigeria emanates from fatigue marked mostly by insufficient sleep.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cognitive impairment is present from the early stages of psychotic disorders. Alterations are found mainly in areas of attention, memory work and executive functions. During adolescence, ADHD patients often suffer from secondary disorders to lack of efficient procurement processes information by the poor development of executive functions.

Evaluation of a patient whose diagnosis of ADD evolve to acute psychotic episode.

Review by clinical and psychometric tests developments in executive functions disorders.

Twelve years old patient who comes to the hospital since 2012, was initially diagnosed with literacy difficulties and low academic performance, after MFF-20 speaks of Learning Disabilities. It presents lack of motivation, apathy, difficulty in scheduling and organization and adherence to schedules, so they diagnosed ADD. It is given treatment with methylphenidate and atomoxetine, presenting erratic path.

After a year without treatment and the presence of a major stressful life event, at 17, has a first episode, consisting in mutiste attitude, phenomena of self-referenciality, experiences of control, enforcement and dissemination of ideas and auditory hallucination imperative type.

The presence of emocional dysregulation and alterations in the executive functions atribuyen to ADD, in this case, were premorbid symtomatology of a first psychotic episode. The presence of positive symptoms allows to clarify the diagnosis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The body image development begins at an early age. Children with psychopathology may have body image disturbances. It is important to determine nosological specificity of body image disturbances in children.

To reveal body image disturbances in: 20 people (12 boys, 8 girls) having schizophrenia; 18 people (8 boys, 10 girls) with detected fact of sexual abuse (catamnesis study over a 5-year period); control group – 5 boys, 5 girls with normal psycho-physical development.

To reveal body image disturbance in children in case of psychopathology.

All the children were examined clinically and paraclinically by psychiatrist and clinical psychologist (projective techniques; standardized personality questionnaires and semantic method [analysis of statements]).

In children having schizophrenia specific disturbances of proprioceptive self-awareness in the form of senestopathy (feelings of compression, deformation, size loss or size gain of the body) and the idea of physical defect, are considered as the early symptoms of the body dysmorphic disorder. In this group of children disturbances of body scheme, difficulties in right/left orientation were detected. In the group of children with detected fact of sexual abuse the following disturbances took place: the body dysmorphic disorder (self-disgust, considering body to be tainted by the abuser, feeling dirty, compulsive body washing, sensitivity to touch) and senestopathy below one's waist, in the area of genitals, feeling dirtiness of the skin and clothes. In the pictures drawn by the children, they represented themselves older, grotesquely painted their faces, pictured strange haircuts, preferring bright and extravagant clothes.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The digital boom and the media coverage of the sexuality urge the youngest to expose itself more and more via the social networks and other digital applications.

To explore the virtual sexuality of the Tunisian teenagers.

It's a cross-sectional study made in August 2015, including 104 Tunisian teenagers from different social backgrounds and living in Tunis, chosen aimlessly. An auto-railing drafted in Arabic, anonymous and carrying on various items was distributed.

We included 52 boys and 52 girls. Seven of them (6.1%) was not schooled and 68.3% (n = 71) were at high school. Ninety-one of the teenagers (87.5%) reported not have sexual education at school and 74% (n = 77) have already turned to web sites to inquire about sexuality. A regular practice of cybersex at the rate of at least once a week, was founded at 36.5% (n = 36) and 41 teenagers (39.4%) have reported to have already undressed in front of their webcam. The candidates have already consulted a pornographic site at least once in their life in 76.9% (n = 80) of the cases. The allocated time for these virtual activities is made to the detriment of the sleep in 75% of the cases (n = 27). The connection was accompanied with a masturbatory activity in 38.9% (n = 14).

Contrary to preconceived ideas, the computer screen does not protect from sexual risk behaviors. Therefore, a sexual education for the youngest is more than ever necessary to avoid such drift.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

It is known that children with ADHD have deficit in cognitive abilities. However there are different opinions about the nature of this deficit. It is necessary to conduct researchers for revealing specific profile of impairments in different cognitive domains in ADHD children to better understanding the nature of this disorder.

The aim of this research was to examine the hypothesis that children with ADHD have a specific deficit in memory – weakness in delayed memory.

The experimental group included 15 Russian-speaking children with ADHD at age 7–8 years. The control group included 15 typically developing children. The children from experimental and control group were matched for IQ, gender and age. Children from both groups were assessed with NEPSY using memory for names subtest. This subtest is designed to assess the ability to learn the names of children in immediate and delayed conditions. Two-way ANOVA was used to reveal group differences in reproducing the names in two conditions.

We have not revealed significant differences between children from experimental and control group in the reproducing the names in immediate condition.

However, the interaction of condition type and group was significant (P ≤ 0.05). ADHD children were less successful in reproducing the names in delayed condition.

In view of the obtained results, it can be assumed that children with ADHD have specific deficit in memory domain – weakness in delayed memory. It is necessary to confirm this result using different memory tasks.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Inherited thrombophilia is described as a risk factor for burdened obstetrical history. But the relashionships between mothers’ thrombophilic predisposion (MTP) and mental status in their children is not investigated thoroughly.

To investigate the mental and motor neonates’ status, born from MTP.

Case-control study. Thirty-seven children born from MTP were assessed at 1, 3, 6 and 12-month (1st group). MTP carried more than 5 thrombophilic single nucleotide polymorphisms and had burdened obstetrical history; 47 neonates with clear mothers’ obstetrical history and 2 and less SNPs (2nd group); informed consent form. The quantity of term and preterm neonates were equal in groups.

We found the neonates from both group were comparable under the 6-month age (table). But in year-old children mental and/or motor delays were more frequent in 1st group despite on comparable level of paresis and brain ultrasound data. There were no thrombotic episodes in children in 1st group.

There were no direct link between MTP and neurological outcomes in children: paresis and ischemic lesions in brain were not differ in groups. Confirmed MTP can cause mental and motor delays to year-old period, milestones must be supervised thoroughly until 3 y.o.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

We report a case of 17-year-old boy with excessive daytime sleepiness.

Case presented in our study is an example of atypical narcolepsy with coexistence of psychotic symptoms that were especially prominent during the first attack. Excessive daytime sleepiness period was followed by psychotic symptoms including delusions of reference and persecution, as well as visual and acoustic hallucinations. However, during the second attack, negative psychotic symptoms were more prominent.

Clinicians should not forget that child and adolescent patients, which demonstrate psychotic symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness component, should be evaluated for a diagnosis of primary hypersomnia.

Patient did not exhibit any comorbidities that would match with secondary hypersomnia. The initial sleep study did however reveal increased REM sleep latency (43% of total sleep time). The result of polysomnographic study was abnormal and suggestive of narcolepsy. In multi-sleep latency test mean REM latency was 1.7 min, sleep-onset REM (SOREM) was observed 3 times. Between the tests he had no episodes of cataplexy.

Patient was diagnosed with primary hypersomnia-narcolepsy without cataplexy. We found that mixed symptoms of narcolepsy and psychotic attack improved with anti-psychotic agent treatment.

Child and adolescent patients, which demonstrate psychotic symptoms and excessive daytime sleepiness component, should be evaluated for a diagnosis of primary hypersomnia following a multidisciplinary cooperation of neurologists, pediatricians and psychiatrists.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.