The aim of study was to evaluate mood and impulsivity in obese people with binge eating disorder.

A total of 149 obese subjects [71 with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and 78 without BED] were included in the study and compared to 151 non-clinical populations. They were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Barrat Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11).

The ratio of obese subjects with BED is 47,6%. Obesity and BED prevalence was higher in female patients. Childhood obesity was significantly more frequent in obese subjects with BED (p < 0.05). the history of admission to psychiatry clinics and the ratio of suicide attempt were more frequent in obese group. the ratio sixty one of the 146 (41,2%) subjects with obesity had diagnosed as depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria. Thirty three of 71 BED (46,5%) had diagnosed as depressive disorder. there are no significant differences between BED(+) and BED(-) groups for depression (p > 0.05). Cognitive impulsivity and nonplanning activity scores of depressive group were significantly higher than the subjects without depression. (p < 0.05). Cognitive impulsivity scores of depressive obese were significantly higher than the obese without depression (p < 0.05).

[Table-1].

Obesity is strongly related with depression and impulsivity. Impulsivity was significantly higher in depressive obese subjects than non-depressive ones. Futhermore, impulsivity was a prominent feature in obese subjects with BED. This also provides clues for influences of each of these two characteristics on obesity.

Drop-out is a serious problem in ED which remains poorly understood.

To describe socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with drop-out in order to prevent this phenomenon with individualized strategies.

A semi-structured clinical interview was administered to 92 adult out-patients attending a third level centre for ED. Measures of psychopathology (EDE12th, BDI, STAI, MINI, SCID-II) were collected to achieve diagnoses. the study population included completers (CO) and drop-outs (DO) which consist of patients that did not complete the baseline assessment Failing in Alliance (FA) and persons who Failed in Treatment (FT).

The drop-out rate is 34,8%, including 17,4% of FA and 17,4% of FT. DO were less likely to have Anorexia Nervosa at Onset and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, while serious Depressive Symptoms, Borderline Personality Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa predicted premature attrition. After multivariate analysis only the last three remain statistically significantly. Considering the period of drop out, we found that Bulimia Nervosa and Borderline Personality Disorder were independent correlated with FA respectively (OR=5,800; 95%CI 1,574–21,368) and (OR=5,782; 95%CI 1,135–29,449). Conversely FT had a higher probability to have serious Depressive Symptoms (OR= 12,289; 95%CI 1,187–127,207).

Drop-outs in ED include two different subpopulations: failure in alliance (FA) and failure in treatment (FT) characterized by different clinical characteristics. Bulimia Nervosa and Borderline Personality Disorder were predictors of FA, whereas serious Depressive Symptoms were predictors of FT.

In a longitudinal study of depression and its correlates in socially high-risk, perinatal women, we also collected data about diet, binge and vomiting/purge behaviours. We were interested in understanding more about these eating problems and their association with perinatal health. Descriptive, bivariate and regression analyses were done.

Data were available on 283 women, 60% of whom were Aboriginal. the average age was 22.4 years and gestation was 15.4 weeks at onset of the study. Most women (84%) stated that they had no history of eating problems. Women who engaged in one eating problem behavior were significantly more likely to engage in another. NonAboriginal women were significantly more likely to report dieting, binging, or vomiting/purging (p < 0.0001). Overall, eating problems were associated with depression, mood swings, history of physical and sexual abuse, stress and recreational drug use. Women with eating problems were more likely to have gestational hypertension than those without, but confirming the literature, there were no other differences in pregnancy or birth outcomes.

NonAboriginal perinatal women experience significantly more eating problems, but Aboriginal women with a history of depression, abuse, stress and drug use are at increased risk for eating problems.

Anorexia nervosa is a mental health disorder characterised by deliberate weight loss (through restrictive eating, excessive exercise and/or purging), disordered body image, and intrusive overvalued fears of gaining weight. the National Institute for Clinical Excellence recommends that family interventions that directly address the eating disorder should be offered to children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

To perform a literature review to assess whether family therapy is a more effective intervention than other treatments in the management of adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library and NHS Evidence for randomised controlled trials that compared a family intervention with another treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescence.

This literature search revealed only six randomised controlled trials investigating the use of family therapy in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa, and these all had small sample sizes. Some, but not all, of these trials suggest that family therapy may be advantageous over individual psychotherapy in terms of physical improvement (weight gain and resumption of menstruation) and reduction of cognitive distortions, particularly in younger patients. Due to the small sample sizes and the significant risk of bias (particularly information bias) in some of the studies the evidence in favour of family therapy over individual therapy is weak. in the future, larger randomised controlled trials with long term follow-up are required to assess whether family therapy is the most effective treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescence.

Eating disorders is defined abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual's physical and mental health. the precise cause of eating disorders is not entirely understood, but there is evidence that it may be linked to combination of psychological, medical, social, cultural and environmental conditions. So for better understanding the disorder, the study investigated relationship between sport competitive anxiety and eating disorders in adolescence athlete students.

The population of 100 athlete students (50 males and 50 females) were selected and responded to Matner's sport competitive anxiety Inventory and Garner & Garfinkel's Eating Attitudes Test “EAT-26” (EAT-26 assesses: dieting, bulimia and food pre-occupation, oral control). Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and “T” independent test.

Findings showed that there is positive significant correlation between sport competitive anxiety and bulimia and food pre-occupation in eating disorder. More analysis showed significant difference in male and female athlete students. Female athlete students have more scores in bulimia and food pre-occupation and also sport competitive anxiety than male athlete students.

The findings indicated that eating disorders involves in several different factors. Eating disorders are serious problems and need to be diagnosed and treated like any medical and psychological disease, specially during adolescence period in order to preventing the behaviors that may lead to severe life-threatening medical and psychological complications.

The aim of this study is investigated the relationship between components of emotional intelligence and disorder eating in athletes wrestling and football.

This study is type descriptive -solidarity. society statistical wrestlings and football players in the nation's youth league is of 180 people who were field sport the two groups (91 football players and 89 wrestling) were divided. data for analysis of descriptive and inferential statistical software spss16 and ks test for normal data and Spearman correlation coefficient test was used for the survey link. All tests at the significance level of 0/05 was done.

Most soccer players(%71/4) and wrestlers (%85/4) had no eating disorder. Among the components of the application of negative emotion associated with components of bulimia in football (-./212) components and expression of emotion and the the impotence of positive correlation (./206) and these two variables showed a negative relationship between the wrestlers (./283)

Base on this research Emotional intelligence training and employing people, both athletes and non athletes can be expected that Eating disorders and problems reduce and emotions of people adjusting their diets are appropriate.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental health disorder whose features are deliberate weight loss, disordered body image, and intrusive overvalued fears of gaining weight. Long term consequences of AN include endocrine dysfunctions resulting in low levels of gonadotropins and estrogens, secondary amenorrhea, bone loss and/or osteoporosis. Bone reabsorption is related with the exposure to low levels of estrogens leading to an increased risk of bone fractures as it happens in late postmenopausal period and young women with AN may develop a risk for pathological fractures comparable to that of menopausal women.

In our case report series we examined the influence of AN related amenorrhea on bone mineral density (BMD).

We evaluated BMD with computerised bone mineralometry (CBM) in 10 women with diagnosis of AN, hospitalized in the Psychiatric Clinic of University of Pisa.

All the patients showed a lumbar and femoral bone loss or osteoporosis with an increased fracture risk in comparison with peers and comparable to that of menopausal women.

Our data support the hypothesis that lower estrogenic levels associated with AN have an impact on BMD. Although osteoporotic complications and fracture risk are underdiagnosed, underestimated and potential cause of permanent disability is a predictable and treatable condition in AN patients. Therefore we recommend a more accurate evaluation of BMD with CBM in all patients with prolonged amenorrhoea.

Body image distortion and denial of illness are important characteristics of eating disorders, mainly anorexia nervosa. in these patients, several studies have found decreased pain sensitivity but the physiological and psychological factors of this abnormality remain unclear.

In present study we analyzed relationship between body dissatisfaction and pain perception in 66 DSM-IV diagnosed patients with eating disorders (38 anorexia nervosa and 28 bulimia nervosa) and in 30 healthy control women. Patients were age and illness duration matched. the pain threshold latencies on radiant heat stimuli were measured using the Analgesia Meter (IITC Life Science USA). Body image perception (BIP) and objective (DIS 1 desired/real size in pixels) and subjective (DIS 2 desired/estimated size in pixels) dissatisfaction were measured using software Anamorphic Micro (digital pictures of their own body image were distorted to fat-body image and thin-body image).

In bulimia nervosa or in patients with self-injurious behavior, thermal pain threshold latencies correlated positively with objective dissatisfaction with one's own body (r = 0.46, p = 0.01; r = 0.36, p = 0.05, respectively). None of measured pain characteristics correlated with body image perception (estimated size/real size). in the control group there was no significant correlation between body and pain perception described. Objective dissatisfaction also negatively correlated with Body Attitude Test (BAT) commonly used in eating disorders research,.

In patient with eating disorders, pain perception is associated with emotional but not with sensory (visual) processing of their own body images.

The Children Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT; Maloney et al. 1988) is a well-established 26-item scale designed to measure a wide range of problematic eating attitudes and behaviours among children and adolescents.

To analyse ChEAT reliability and validity in a Portuguese adolescent girls sample.

565 high-school girls (mean age 15.76 ± 1.571; mean BMI 20.42 ± 2.745) answered the Portuguese versions of ChEAT and of the Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS; Thompson & Gray, 1995). to study the temporal stability 124 girls answered the ChEAT again after approximately six weeks.

Cronbach's alpha was of .76. the test-retest Pearson correlation was of 0.61. A four factors structure (explained variance=44.06%) was selected: Factor (F) 1 Fear of Getting Fat, F2 Restrictive and Purging Behaviours, F3 Food Preoccupation, F4 Social Pressure to Eat. the body satisfaction as assessed through CDFRS was negatively correlated with the total ChEAT (-.35), F1 (-.47) and F2 (-.23) (all p > .001); and positively correlated with F4 (.26, p < .001). Significant mean differences (all p < .01) were found between the three CDFRS groups (Group -1 Want to be thinner; Group 0 Satisfied; Group 1 Want to be fatter) in all eating behaviour dimension scores, except for F3; total ChEAT, F1 and F2 mean scores between groups significantly decreased through the body satisfaction groups -1, 0 and 1 and significantly increased for F4.

The Portuguese ChEAT psychometric characteristics are good. Factorial structure is in accordance with the original. It could be very useful to clinical and epidemiological purposes.

Theories surrounding anorexia nervosa's aetiology have changed constantly over the years. Current thought suggests a combination of several different environmental triggers influenced by culture, which include: developing sexuality, competitive environments, the media and the patient's relationship with their father, among others. These all point to a potential conflict in the patient's sense of personal identity. Objectives - the objective of this paper was to consider the different philosophical interpretations of identity and see if they could be applied to our understanding of anorexia nervosa. Aim - the aim was to see whether in fact anorexia nervosa results from a conflict between different personal identities.

Analysis of various philosophical ideas of personal identity was performed to consider their validity as theories and form a coherent idea of personal identity. This knowledge was then applied to the principles of anorexia in an attempt to increase our understanding of the disorder.

No single philosophical theory of personal identity is completely sufficient and psychological research would indicate that identity is a combination of psychological, physical, group and third person. in anorexia nervosa many of these parts of identity can be negatively affected.

Anorexia seems to result from a loss of control over at least one form of identity. Possible conflicts can arise between a psychological sense of self and the physical reality or between a first person view and third person view of the sufferer. Treatment should seek to resolve these crises.

Anorexia nervosa is a syndrome of unknown etiology. Biological, psychological, and social components play a role in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. in approximately 95 percent of cases, the eating disorder is precipitated by dieting. in 8 percent of cases, initial weight loss may be inadvertent but after some weight loss occurs for medical reasons, the patient loses weight by voluntary dieting. Even less common is an iatrogenic onset.

The purpose of this article is to report four cases of iatrogenic onset of anorexia nervosa.

Case study and review of the literature.

The authors describe four clinical cases of patients with an onset of anorexia nervosa precipitated by iatrogenic beginning rather than the more typical onset following intentional dieting.

Risk factors are non-specific and the threshold of disease varies for each patient. Iatrogenic weight loss may be as powerful a trigger as intentional dieting to initiating anorexia nervosa in predisposed individuals; self-induced weight loss may not be a necessary precursor to anorexia nervosa.

Considering studies that have confirmed that family environment and some characteristics of parents, especially mothers, affect the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN) in their daughters, research on how to improve knowledge of therapeutic intervention for family members of patients became crucial.

To understand the emotional experiences of mothers that affect the development and prognosis of AN.

Qualitative study interviewing in depth mothers of female outpatients seen at the General Hospital of the State University of Campinas, Brazil.

Mothers propose a fusional relationship with their daughters, in which aspects of individuality are ill-defined. the daughters’ attempts to become individuals are felt as an attack, and experienced by mothers as injustice and aggression. in this context, the daughters’ food symptoms can be understood as a desperate attempt at individuation. the mothers do not understand their daughters’ logic and try to remedy a qualitative deficiency with quantity, especially of food. the feelings of devotion/hostility that characterize these mothers express their violent attempt to annihilate the other as an individual, who can only exist as an opponent. These are mothers who cannot bear that their daughters are not extensions of themselves, and who have serious difficulties to understand their own real emotional needs. the attempt to meet these needs with food can only aggravate the alimentary symptoms of their daughters.

The findings made it possible to identify important aspects in mothers of anorexic patients, which can improve knowledge of AN and clinical interventions to treat it.

The high prevalence of obesity and the failure of conventional treatments have raised the number of weight loss surgeries worldwide. the problem of weight regain following metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) became an important clinical issue that concerns surgeons and other health professionals. Psychological and psychiatric factors are among the causes of weight regain.

To understand the emotional meanings of weight regain in women submitted to MBS and propose strategies to manage patients clinically.

Qualitative study conducted with a purposive sample submitted to semi-directed interviews in-depth in a university general hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.

With weight regain comes the loss of social insertion and self-esteem achieved after weight loss. Even losing some of the benefits derived from surgery, the memory of the positive experience stays with the patient, and they may even desire to repeat the surgical treatment. there is no regret for having been submitted to surgery, but a feeling of gratitude. the choice for the MBS is experienced as good. However, patients feel abandoned by the health team after weight regain, and tend to feel mistreated and not understood when they are criticized or considered as weak by others.

This clinical situation has a complex psychological constitution: there is gratitude, but a tendency to avoid the environment where the caregivers who have helped are. We suggest action programs to seek for patients with weight regain, aiming at psychosocial work. This search can provide incentive to treat this severe long-term complication of MBS.

The average dropout rates range from 50% and 30% for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia respectively - a worrying prospect in face of the high mortality in Eating Disorders (ED).

This investigation aims at understanding the dropout phenomenon in EDs looking at the experience of outpatients to access the symbolic universe of the meanings attributed to dropout. It was assumed that psychological features of the ED are related to the dropout.

Qualitative methodology. the sample composition criteria were: outpatients over the age of eighteen years old once diagnosed with ED according to the criteria of the DSM IV that have dropped out. the sample was closed with nine in-depth interviews according the saturation data criteria. the procedures consisted of audio recording and literal transcription of the data, also reading the records from dropouts and the Field Diary. Ut was used a psychodynamic reference framework.

The data was submitted to qualitative analysis regarding categories of content, and the interpretation of results drew upon multiple database review studies, as well as the theoretical framework from humanities, including psychoanalysis. Some categories such as “the disease denied”, “under enslavement and vice”, “struggling for control: self and other”, “abandoning himself”, “the importance of the speech” and “the maintenance of symptom” have proved relevant for understanding the phenomenon.

The accessed meanings of dropout gave elements to improve the clinical strategies contributing to adherence and retention such as the therapeutic alliance and the handling of transference in treatment for ED.