IN view of a previous failure1 to produce a skin infection with Ankylostoma, it seems worth while to put on record the present successful case. Dr J. B. Leathes very kindly offered himself as the subject of experiment. It is important to note that he has never, either before or during the course of the experiment, had anything to do with any Ankylosotoma material except that deliberately applied to his person for the purpose of this experiment, nor has he been to any infected place or even worked in the part of the Institute where the cultures of Ankylosotoma larvae have been kept. On March 21st a small quantity of water containing encapsuled larvae of A. duodenale, hatched artificially from infected faeces from Cornwall, and 13 days old, was applied to the forearm. After five minutes the arm was bandaged up and left for two hours, at the end of which time the wrappings were removed and the arm throughly cleansed. The purpose of the experiment and the precautions necessary were fully appreciated by the subject, and there is no doubt that there was not the slightest possibility of a mouth infection.

Whether the vaccine virus is filterable or not has been the subject of experiment and discussion for many years and since Negri's results published in 1905, from which he deduced that the virus was filterable, numerous experiments dealing with the subject have been made by many workers.

White rats reared from the age of 30 days to 275 days under vita glass, and properly fed, do not grow at a different rate from those reared under ordinary glass.

The offspring of these rats, kept in the same environment, grow at the normal rate when compared with controls born and reared under ordinary window glass.

A short discussion of these results is given in the text.

Addendum. The temptation to use an artificial source of ultra-violet rays having proved irresistible, a further experiment was performed with 20 males, 10 under vita glass and 10 under window glass. These were exposed to the radiation of a Hanovia quartz mercury vapour lamp on alternate days, at a distance of four feet from the burner. The growth curves are shown on Chart V, and the lengths of exposure have been entered on this chart: it will be seen that the results are the same as with natural sunlight.

A total of 637 strains of Salmonella bareilly received from different parts of India between 1959 and 1985 were phage typed using five locally isolated wild phages. The overall typability was 94·5% and 11 different phagc types could be defined. Phago types 10 and 1 were the most prevalent and the geographical and source distribution is described.

The villages selected for the present series of observations were Dhand and Kasel in the Arnritsar District of the Punjab. They are situated about 10 miles south-west of Amritsar City and within a distance of ¾ mile of each other. They are typical Punjab villages of about 2,000 and 4,000 inhabitants respectively.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. Because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess. This study estimated the force of infection (FOI) of MERS-CoV in camel populations from age-stratified serological data. A cross-sectional study of MERS-CoV was conducted in Kenya from July 2016 to July 2017. Seroprevalence was stratified into four age groups: <1, 1–2, 2–3 and >3 years old. Age-independent and age-dependent linear and quadratic generalised linear models were used to estimate FOI in pastoral and ranching camel herds. Models were compared based on computed AIC values. Among pastoral herds, the age-dependent quadratic FOI was the best fit model, while the age-independent FOI was the best fit for the ranching herd data. FOI provides an indirect estimate of infection risk, which is especially valuable where direct estimates of incidence and other measures of infection are challenging to obtain. The FOIs estimated in this study provide important insight about MERS-CoV dynamics in the reservoir species, and contribute to our understanding of the zoonotic risks of this important public health threat.

The prevalence rate of coinfection Chagas disease (CD) and HIV in Brazil is between 1.3 and 5%. Serological tests for detecting CD use total antigen, which present cross reactivity with other endemic diseases, such as leishmaniasis. It is urge the use of a specific test to determinate the real prevalence of T. cruzi infection in people living with HIV AIDS (PLWHA). Here, we evaluated the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in a cohort of 240 PLWHA living in urban area from São Paulo, Brazil. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, using epimastigote alkaline extract antigen from T. cruzi (ELISA EAE), returned a 2.0% prevalence. However by Immunoblotting, using trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigen (TESA Blot) from T. cruzi, we detected a prevalence of 0.83%. We consider that the real prevalence of T. cruzi-infection in PLWHA is 0.83%, lower than reported in literature; this is due to TESA Blot specificity, probably excluding false positives for CD immunodiagnosis. Our results demonstrate a real need to apply diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity that can help assess the current status of CD/HIV coinfection in Brazil in order to stratify the effective risk of reactivation and consequently decreasing mortality.

1. Recovery of a strain of Brucella abortus Bang from a foetus aborted by a cow in Mauritius is reported.

2. Agglutination tests performed on samples of blood from cows of the Government Dairy indicate that contagious abortion of cattle is present in this country; approximately 24% of the animals from the Government Dairy belonged to the latent or past infection group; 18 % to the active infection group and 15% were presumptive bacilli excreters.

3. As aresult of agglutination tests with the blood serum from man Undulant fever due to Br. abortus is suspected to occur in Mauritius.

This study examined relationships between foodborne outbreak investigation characteristics, such as the epidemiological methods used, and the success of the investigation, as determined by whether the investigation identified an outbreak agent (i.e. pathogen), food item and contributing factor. This study used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Outbreak Reporting System and National Environmental Assessment Reporting System to identify outbreak investigation characteristics associated with outbreak investigation success. We identified investigation characteristics that increase the probability of successful outbreak investigations: a rigorous epidemiology investigation method; a thorough environmental assessment, as measured by number of visits to complete the assessment; and the collection of clinical samples. This research highlights the importance of a comprehensive outbreak investigation, which includes epidemiology, environmental health and laboratory personnel working together to solve the outbreak.

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) for rubella-specific IgM antibodies was compared with haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) in conjunction with gel filtration for the diagnosis of rubella infection in pregnant women during a 1-year period. In total 476 women were investigated of whom 221 were tested for rubella IgM. Both techniques gave positive results with 64 sera, and RIA alone with one additional serum.

Difficulties associated with the removal of non-specific HI activity were encountered with four sera all of which were negative by RIA.

RIA was found to have practical advantages over the gel filtration method but is at present technically more difficult to perform.

Whatever may be the final form of the theories of Ehrlich as to the constitution of the bacterial toxines and as to the essential nature of immunity there can be no doubt of the stimulus they have given and are likely to give to inquiries relating to these subjects. As the present paper is intended to give a preliminary account of some researches bearing on the reactions of certain toxines it may be useful to recall the main features of the theories in question so far as they relate to the toxines investigated.

In these experiments the hook-worm anaemia of dogs does not appear to be exactly analogous to the corresponding disease in man, but differs from it in two essential particulars, namely, that only young animals suffer and that in them its course progresses much more rapidly to a fatal termination.

Older dogs, although not altogether insusceptible, acquire infection only to a moderate extent, which gives rise to a minor degree of anaemia. From this they gradually recover, even in spite of repeated and continued attempts at re-infection.

The anaemia in young dogs was characterised by great loss of weight, emaciation, prostration and intestinal haemorrhage, but in no case was expistaxis observed.

The blood volume of dogs suffering from the minor degree of hookworm anaemia is not materially altered, but if anything is somewhat diminished. The oxygen capacity of the blood per unit of body weight is also, on the average, somewhat decreased.

Infection is generally accompanied by distinct though not profuse haemorrhage, which is most marked in the early stages, but tends to disappear.

Eosinophilia was not a constant sign either of infection or of disease.

Evidence of blood regeneration was furnished by the appearance of large numbers of erythroblasts (normoblasts) which increased with the progress of the disease.

Cats are much less easily infected than dogs, and monkeys are altogether insusceptible. Man, also, were found to be insusceptible to infection with the dog hook-worm.

The bed-bug finds an almost ideal environment in a prison, which is centrally heated in winter, and in which it has good harbourage in the wooden cell furniture and an easily available food supply at night. Under such favourable conditions, bugs increase about seventy-fold in a year. It is therefore no mean achievement to obliterate bugs from an infested prison while the prison is still occupied, and is, I think, worth putting on record.

This study aimed to evaluate the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of ureteral tuberculosis (UTB) and ureteral malignant tumour and to explore its application value in the differentiation of UTB from ureteral tumour. The ultrasound (US) and CEUS imaging features of 33 and 12 cases of pathologically confirmed UTB and ureteral malignant tumour, respectively, were retrospectively evaluated, and echo of the ureteral wall, abnormal echo of the lumen, degree of ureteral dilation and CEUS patterns of the two diseases were statistically analysed. The results revealed that the lumen echo of UTB was hyperechoic or anechoic, whereas that of ureteral tumour lesions was hypoechoic (χ2 = 28.22, P < 0.001). The wall echo of the obstruction site differed between the two diseases; in UTB, the ureteral wall was thickened but the outer wall remained intact, whereas in ureteral tumour, both the malignant tumour wall and outer wall were irregular (χ2 = 30.25, P < 0.001). CEUS of UTB revealed nonenhancement or heterogeneous enhancement in the lumen, whereas that of ureteral tumours revealed significant homogeneous enhancement (χ2 = 30.25, P < 0.001). Thus, CEUS can reveal lesion microcirculation and be used to evaluate blood supply characteristics in the lesion, indicating that it has high potential for differentiating the two diseases.

1. A new series of compounds has been found which markedly inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis.

2. These substances are strongly haemolytic against human red blood cells.

3. The effectiveness of the antibacterial and haemolytic actions depends upon the length of the alkyl chain.

4. The antibacterial and haemolytic actions are reduced by human serum.

In view of the observations made of late years on the action of red light in variola, it was thought that it might be of interest to ascertain, if possible, whether the red, or other rays of daylight, exerted any influence in cases of vaccinia; that is to say, with a disease the specific virus of which differs from that of variola probably only in that its pathogenic capabilities are modified, while vaccinia presents clinically many points of resemblance to variola.

In the preceding paper we have put forward the result of some experiments in which B. pestis was passed through a series of 26 rats by means of the subcutaneous method and without the intervention of any culture on artificial media. From this series of experiments it appeared that the virulence of the organism was not affected by passage through the ordinary rats of Bombay.

Most towns augment their water supply from wells, and in South Africa, where the rivers are said to run underground, Johannesburg is no exception.

Its chief supply is from deep wells in the dolomite some 20 miles to the south-west of the town, but one of the suburbs—Parktown—is not connected to the main supply, but at present draws its water from two wells (the property of the Rand Water Board) which will be subsequently referred to as No. 1 and No. 2, sunk in the shales of the upper Witwatersrand beds. From here the water is pumped to two Water Towers situated at the highest point of the suburb from whence it is distributed by gravitation. For various reasons, the Rand Water Board had decided on replacing the pumping machinery at these wells by electrically driven gear, and advantage was to be taken of the change to properly line and deepen the wells by a steel bore-hole.