The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), affected yield by significantly reducing the mean height of aphid-susceptible Grimm alfalfa in a greenhouse experiment by 45%, the height of the longest stem by 35%, the green weight by 38%, the dry weight by 44%, and the fiber by 13%. There was limited change in quality of alfalfa. The percentages of protein, fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, dry matter, and nitrogen-free extract were not significantly different in the infested and non-infested alfalfa. Potassium was significantly lower in the infested plants but they contained more calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. With the exception of isoleucine the amino acid composition was similar in the infested and non-infested alfalfa.

This note deals with two European species of Phylini now known to occur in Canada. Both species were discovered in British Columbia some time ago but remained unreported until the present. This report will also provide names for the forthcoming manual of plant bugs of British Columbia and Yukon by L. A. Kelton and G. G. E. Scudder. The two species were probably introduced accidentally into this country with nursery stock. Their identities were confirmed by comparison with named European specimens.

Codling moth eggs were very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin), particularly when treated topically shortly after oviposition. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship between % hatch and the age at which the eggs were treated with diflubenzuron. The LC50 values for 0- to 21/2- and 3-day-old eggs were 1.1 and 17.2 ppm, respectively. Egg hatch was also inversely related to the length of time the chorion was in contact with the diflubenzuron solution. When the compound had dried on fruit or foliage, residual activity against the eggs was excellent and did not decrease markedly over a 10-day period. The surfactant, Tween 20, enhanced the contact ovicidal activity of diflubenzuron especially on older eggs. Tween 20 also improved the residual activity of diflubenzuron on foliage and immature apples but not waxy mature apples.

Diflubenzuron incorporated into artificial diet was toxic to 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae. The LC50s for the two instars were 48.2 and 8.1 ppm, respectively. When 1st instars fed on diflubenzuron + Tween 20-treated foliage for 2 days, larval entry into apples was not impaired but subsequent larval survival was reduced significantly. However, neither fruit entry nor larval survival was affected when 1st instars were reared on apples which had been dipped in 500 ppm diflubenzuron - Tween 20. Adult codling moths dipped in or fed diflubenzuron solutions showed no marked adverse effects although marginal reductions in egg viability were observed.

The staphylinid tribe Myllaenini Ganglbauer is redefined, and Polypea Fauvel and Camacopalpus Motschulsky are redescribed and transferred from Myllaenini, the former to Diglottini Eichelbaum, the latter to Zyrasini Lohse. Camacopalpus flavicornis Motschulsky and C. bituberculatus Motschulsky are transferred to Drusilla Leach, and a new genus Neocamacopalpus is described to include Camacopalpus fulvus Motschulsky. Lectotypes are designated for all studied species, and their terminalia and genitalia are illustrated for the first time. A hypothetical phylogeny of Myllaenini is proposed.

The following new species of Deinopsini are described and illustrated: Deinopsis apicicornis (southern USA), Adinopsis cuspidata (Florida, Maryland) and Adinopsis pubescens (Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Mexico). The previously unknown female of Gymnusa campbelli Klim., G. konopackii Klim., and Adinopsis braziliensis Klim., and the male of Metadeinopsis longicornis (Sharp), are described. New distribution and habitat date for some other species of the tribes are added.

The comosa group of the genus Euxoa is defined on the basis of genital characters. The species in the group are: comosa (Morrison), lineifrons (Smith), guadalupensis new species, lucida Barnes and McDunnough, fumalis (Grote), and occidentalis new species. On the basis of geographical variation of adults, life history data, and experimental hybridization, populations of E. comosa are arranged in five subspecies. Adults and genitalia are illustrated and a synopsis is given for each species and subspecies.

Larvae of species representing 12 of the 13 genera of the superfamily Lebertioidea from North America are described, including members of the genera Bandakiopsis, Utaxatax, Estelloxus, and Testudacarus for the first time. Larvae of species of Sperchon, Sperchonopsis, Teutonia, Bandakia, Lebertia, Oxus, Frontipoda, and Torrenticola are also described to provide complete comparative data for the genera of the superfamily. A key to the families and genera of Lebertioidea, and preliminary diagnoses for the superfamily, families, and genera are provided based upon larval characters. Information on host associations is reviewed for each taxon. Observations on morphology and host associations of these larvae provide the basis for an original, though provisional, outline of phylogeny of Lebertioidea, and a review of the higher classification of the superfamily.

Damage to apple (cv. McIntosh) by five species of phytophagous mind bugs was characterized by confining numbers of them in sleeve-cages placed on apple-bearing branches. Overwintering adults of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) pierced apple buds and flowers early in the spring but did little damage after fruit-set. The damage caused to apples by young nymphs of Lygocoris communis (Knight) and Lygidea mendax Reuter was mostly either deep circular depressions or long sinuous scars. Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) and Heterocordylus malinus Reuter were of little importance in the orchard studied. All species did cause circular depressions (“pits”) in fruit and some damage to leaves.

The present carabid beetle fauna (sensu Lindroth 1955, including Carabidae and Cicindellidae) of Newfoundland is compared with that observed by C. H. Lindroth 30 years ago. Five additional species are now known bringing the faunal total to 171 species. Two of these additional species, Chlaenius alternates and Lebia moesta are Nearctic while Carabus granulatus, Leistus ferrugineus, and Bembidion properans are of Palaearctic origin. The known ranges of an additional seven introduced species have increased. The patterns of these range changes support two models of Palaearctic species establishment in Newfoundland: by direct human-assisted introduction onto the island; and through flight across the Cabot Strait by winged species initially established on the North American mainland.

Spores of the microsporidium Pleistophora schubergi were fed to second- and fifth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. A treatment of 2 × 108 spores applied to the surface of the host's diet resulted in 100% mortality to second- and 60% to fifth-instar larvae. Suceptibility of the host to the parasite decreased as the larvae became older. Other effects on host development were not significant at the dosages tested.

The biology of Endothenia daeckeana and its relationships to its host, Sarracenia p. purpurea, are described as they occurred during 1980 in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. Around 1 July eggs are laid singly on flower bracts of S. p. purpurea and newly-hatched larvae bore into the ovary base to reach the carpels. Instar I larvae enter seeds and eat them from the inside while later instars (II–V) consume seeds from the outside. Instars IV or V overwinter and leave the ovary in September or October and tunnel down the pithy flower stalk to reach their overwintering sites. Pupation takes place in late May in special chambers that instar V larvae have constructed within the flower stalks where overwintering occurred. Adults emerge after pupae push headfirst through the remaining epidermis that covers the pre-chewed exit hole. The sex ratio (proportion females) of laboratory-emerged adults was 0.43. Twenty-five percent of E. daeckeana larvae were parasitized by Scambus spp. or Glypta sp. (Ichneumonidae) and five eggs out of about 300 examined contained the egg parasite Trichogramma ? semifumatum (Trichogrammatidae). Undamaged carpels from pitcher plant ovaries infested with E. daeckeana often had the seeds bound into a hard mass by the fungus Acremonium strictum.

Mindarus abietinus Koch causes leaf-curl and shoot-stunting of the new foliage of Fraser fir in North Carolina. Although this injury usually has a minimal impact on the trees' health and vigor, the injury can reduce the aesthetic quality and hence the marketability of Christmas trees. The overwintering egg gives rise to the fundatrix in late March. In May and June the fundatriginia and sexuparae appear. In June the sexuales are produced and by late June oviposition has occurred. The egg remains dormant until the following spring. The within-crown distribution of the various life stages is presented. Most of the injury can be minimized by maintaining vigorous growth, and timing necessary insecticide applications. Under most circumstances chemical control should only be considered during the last year or two before harvest. Dimethoate, pirimicarb, acephate, or chlorpyrifos will provide adequate control after egg hatch but before bud break.

The effects of sequential attack on gallery construction, oviposition, and reemergence by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann were studied in the laboratory at 25 °C. Six mating pairs were allowed to attack bark slabs in groups of 2 pairs every 2 days. Total gallery and eggs per pair decreased with increasing day of attack. The time of attack had little effect on the distance and time from the gallery origin to the first egg. Distances between eggs were shortest for pairs attacking second and greatest for pairs attacking last. Inverse relationships of egg-bearing gallery length, oviposition period, and adult residence time were observed with the day of attack.

The basic behavioral and physiological mechanisms thought to influence reproduction of D. frontalis are discussed. A hypothesis for termination of oviposition is formulated from these mechanisms, which provides greater understanding of the effects of attack density on reproduction.

Aggregation of adult males is a widespread phenomenon among many species of Diptera, as well as among several groups of other insects (Downes 1969; McAlpine and Munroe 1968; Sullivan 1981). The function of such behavior, once controversial, is now generally conceded to be a mechanism for assembling the sexes in a sufficiently small area to ensure mating. The apparent scarcity of females, earlier thought to be an argument against this hypothesis, has been explained by the brevity of their visit, presumably only once in the lifetime of many, and only long enough to be intercepted by a waiting male (Papavero 1977). Adult acrocerids are rarely collected and little is known about their biology. Those species that have been reared are, during their larval stages, all internal parasitoids of true spiders (Araneae) (Schlinger 1981). The present paper describes the aggregation of males of Turbopsebius sulphuripes (Loews), and the presence of two others, Acrocera melanderi Cole and Pterodontia flavipes Gray, on a hilltop in southwestern Quebec.

Ossiannilssonola ulmi and Empoasca banksianae n. spp. are described and compared with O. volans (McAtee) and E. coccinea (Fitch). They feed on elm and 2-needled pines in Canada and the northern U.S.A.

Mitosynum vockerothi, a new genus and new species of Staphylinidae, is described from Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick. The genus is compared with the genus Syntomium Curtis (Oxytelinae: Coprophilini). The phylogenetic position of the genus is considered based on Herman's (1970) study of the phylogeny of the genera of the Oxytelinae.

The temporal and spatial arrival patterns of Ips plastographus maritimus and some of its important insect associates on freshly felled Pinus radiata within the native stands of California was studied. A total of 36 insect species was collected on sticky traps placed along tree boles for 85 days after felling. These species were placed in one of four chronological groups: (I) insects initially attacking the phloem–cambium region; (II) initial predators; (III) secondary xylophagous insects and secondary predators; (IV) parasites. Only four species showed distinct spatial arrival patterns along the tree bole.

Laboratory studies of the food preferences of several adult carabids showed that Amara aenea DeG., Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis F., Harpalus affinis Schr., and Stenolophus comma F. were polyphagous and readily fed on the seeds of several weeds as well as on young codling moth larvae and apple maggot pupae. H. affinis also attacked 4th and 5th instar codling moth larvae and pupae more readily than the other species. Pterostichus melanarius III. showed a strong preference for the larger prey such as 5th instar codling moth larvae, earthworms, and scarabaeid larvae. The potential of these species as predators of the codling moth and the apple maggot is discussed.

Immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEO) on cellulose polyacetate strips was found to be a rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive procedure for detecting prey antigens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in predators (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The antisera employed were induced with whole-body extracts of larvae of Choristoneura rosaceana Harris, Grapholitha molesta Busck, and Cydia pomonella L. Extracts of single larvae gave IEO reactions to a dilution of at least 1/1024 (mg fresh wt./μl diluent), when using as little as 1–3μl of the reactants. Larval antigens of G. molesta, C. pomonella, or C. rosaceana were detectable in laboratory-fed Pterostichus melanarius III. for c. 24, 48, or at least 72 h, respectively. Antigens of all prey species were detectable in Amara sp. and Harpalus affinis Schr. for at least 72 h.All antisera also reacted to some extent with 10–15 other Lepidoptera species and reacted slightly with extracts from starved carabids. Manipulations with the antisera (e.g. dilution, cross-absorption, and (or) antibody selection) eliminated reactions with carabids and species of Lasiocampidae, Gracillariidae, and Geometridae, but not with all species of Tortricidae or Noctuidae. The broad antigenic similarities observed among Lepidoptera appear to preclude reliable use of immunoprecipitin procedures for assessing natural predation on specific prey, unless specific antisera can be produced.

In this paper a process-oriented model of spruce budworm phenology is developed which produces simulations comparing favorably with observed phenological trends taken from literature. Major features of this model include: (1) non-linear descriptions of temperature-dependent development of larval instars and pupal stadium; (2) three sources of variability in development rates (intrinsic, sex-related, and microclimatic); and (3) generation of daily temperature cycles for four microhabitats from input min-max air temperature data.