The fourteen species of the subgenus Eurylophella are reviewed with accounts of each species including complete synonymies, synoptic descriptions of nymphs and adults, and distribution. Illustrated keys for nymphs and adults and distribution maps are presented for each species. Ephemerella bieoloroides McDunnough is regarded as a synonym of E. verisimilis McDunnough. Ephemerella doris and E. trilineata Berner are of questionable status, being either closely allied to or identical with E. temporalis; and the relationship of E. lithuanica Kazlauskas to E. karelica is uncertain.

The percentage of eggs deposited by Drino bohemica Mesn. on a species of host in preference to other hosts on successive days through the oviposition period of the parasite fluctuated continually within a comparatively wide range. The fluctuations in the selection of hosts within a generation apparently had little influence on those between generations. There was no significant relationship between the percentage of attacks on one species of host and the age of the parasites. Individuals within a group may select a different host than that preferred by the group as a whole.

The genus Hoploseius is redefined on the basis of H. cometa (Berlese), H. drosophili (Chant) new combination, and H. bakeri new species, which are described, keyed, and illustrated. Fragmentary ecological data with specimens of Hoploseius make it apparent that the mites are associated with polyporous bracket fungi and have a phoretic relationship with adult drosophilid flies.

This paper deals with the Trinidad Tachinids (Diptera) of the group of genera assembled by L. P. Mesnil (1939) as the tribe Winthemiini, of which the type genus is Winthemia R.-D. The group was subsequently recognized by F. I. van Emden (1954) and later by B. Herring (1960) but has not, so far as I am aware, been considered as a taxonomic unit in relation to the tachinids of the Americas. It is simply a relatively small section of the vast mass of genera called by Mesnil (1939, 1944) the Salmaciinae, or as we now say, the Goniinae, defined by the possession of a bristled prosternum, reclinate posterior frontals, a first post-sutural supraalar as strong as or stronger than, the first postdorsocentral, an absence of infrasquamal setulae, a second abdominal segment excavated to the posterior border and a short robust form. From the other Goniinae, the Winthemiini are separated mainly by the hairy “barrette”, the pattern of the humeral bristles and the reproductive habit of depositing large plano-convex undeveloped eggs on the body of the host insect, the ovipositor having the form of a membranous tube, retractile and of moderate length, reinforced by some elongate sclerites.

In the present paper, in addition to the well-known Winthemia and Nemorilla, the genera Hemisturmia and Triodontopyga have been included. The genitalia of all the Trinidad species have been studied. Their structure appears, on the whole, to reinforce the taxonomic status of the group but whether it will survive a more extensive survey of tachinid genera, remains to be seen.Seven species are described as new.

Hyperparasitism is a mortality factor that generally is beneficial to the continuous reproduction of the species involved.

The parasites of a primary parasite of a phytophagous insect may exhibit two distinctive types of secondary relations to that insect. These types are defined as follows:

Direct secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where only the primary's parasitized host or the primary itself is attacked.

Indirect secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where the primary's phytophagous host is attacked whether parasitized or not parasitized.

The host mortality caused by direct secondary parasitism may greatly exceed that caused by indirect secondary parasitism, this being manifested when the percentage of the primary parasitization of the phytophagous host is minimal.

A true understanding of the evolution of the morphological characters of the tortricid larva, and hence of the phylogeny of the species, requires study of early as well as late instars. The characters of the first instars of about 20 species are compared with those of later instars. Postembryological changes and their significance are discussed for the head, the coronal suture, the ocelli, the spinneret, the body, the spiracle, the anal shield, the anal fork, the crochets, the integument and sclerotized areas, and the setae. Characters of the primitive larva are postulated, and it is concluded that this larva probably lived in a protected habitat, mining some part of its host plant, and had a convenient exit from which it could eject the frass. The evolution of some of the tortricid tribes as indicated by larval characters is also tentatively suggested: the Olethreutinae could have evolved from the Tortricinae as a result of the suppression «f the anal fork on the primordial tortricid ancestor; the reappearance of the fork not too long after its suppression resulted in the Olethreutini, and its continued suppression resulted in the Eucosmini and Laspcyresiini. The Archipini and Sparganothini appear to be the most specialized of the tribes examined of the Tortricinae, and the Laspeyresiim the most specialized of the Olethreutinae, with Laspeyresia Hbn. group 1 possibly being among the most recently evolved in the Tortricidae.

The inferences in this paper are drawn from: examination of the setal arrangements of a few first instars, the chaetotaxy of which is presumed to be an expression of the phylogenetic past of the larva; the fundamental setal arrangements on those larvae that, in late instars, show undoubted structural specialization; deductions as to the original arrangements of setae on the posterior abdominal segments by comparison with that on the primitive middle abdominal segments; the structural changes that occur between early and late instars and between generalized and specialized larvae; and lastly, a knowledge of the life histories of some of the species examined.

It is hoped that the discussion supporting these inferences will enable us to better understand (a) the changes occurring in larval characters not included here, (b) the phylogeny of other tribes of the Tortricidae, and (c) the larval structural changes and phylogeny of other families in the Microlepidoptera.

Laboratory studies show that diapause, or eonymphal development, has a temperature optimum approximating 8 °C, at which some 29 days are required for its completion. The optimum for morphogenesis is 22 °C. About 33 and 37 days for females and males, respectively, are required for its completion.

Field data for three sites with mean temperatures near 22, 19, and 16 °C. show that emergence took place earliest at the intermediate site and latest at the exposed site, which experienced the highest mean temperature. Emergence of males and females overlapped, but at the shaded site, having the lowest mean temperature, females emerged sooner than males, whereas the reverse was observed at the exposed site.

The length of the eonymphal stage in the field is dependent upon site temperature and can be predicted from laboratory data. The duration of the pronymphal stage is dependent not only upon site temperature, but also upon the length of time which has been required for eonymphal development. Thus the longer the eonymphal period. the shorter the pronymphal period. This compensatory mechanism is probably due to a temperature effect on any morphogenesis that takes place concurrently with diapause.

Height growth and number of side branches developing the first growth season after chemical suppression of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were measured on 40 treated and nontreated plots of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., in Michigan. Some plots had been treated during the summer-treatment period and some during the spring-treatment period. Summer treatment increased the height growth and number of side branches over no treatment; the degree of chemical suppression was useful in estimating tree growth during the following growing season. In contrast, spring suppression had no effect on height growth and number of side branches.

The two aphids described here are the first that have been found on Juniperus horizontalis Moench.

A method for continuous rearing of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius), has been developed for the first time. All stages of the rearing were conducted in a temperature cabinet maintained at 64 ± 2°F. Adults in a screen cage were fed water, honey, soybean flour and yeast. The females oviposited in the soil of potted carrots. Eggs were periodically removed with the top layer of soil to gallon jars containing several carrots layered in muck soil.

Field collected puparia emerged satisfactorily at 70°F., but not at higher temperatures. In the laboratory population there was a preponderance of males. A generation of carrot rust flies was completed in approximately 80 days.

The following description is offered for a previously undescribed ichneumonid parasite of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) reared, in recent years, in several parts of Canada, by officers of the Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Department of Forestry.

Spray tower application of DDT in fuel oil at 0.2 lb. DDT/acre, proved to be highly toxic to the larvae of the western hemlock looper. Tolerance to DDT appeared to vary directly with larval age. Phosphamidon applied in aqueous solution to hemlock foliage showed a high order of contact and systemic toxicity to larvae placed on the treated foliage.

Pineus pineoides was found for the first time in North America in New Brunswick in 1948, on red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. It is the first known species of Adelgidae in North America to complete its life cycle on spruce without producing galls or winged forms. The life history is compared with that in Europe. The first-instar nymph and the adult of the summer generation are described and compared with those from Europe.

Some problems in the use of the nomenclatorial systems devised by Hinton (1946) and Mutuura (1956) for identification of the setae of lepidopterous larvae are discussed, and it is evident that our knowledge of setal origins in the larvae of this order are still far from complete.

This is the first of a series of papers which will consider the systematics of the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha. The aim is to produce eventually a work on the Fulgoromorpha similar to that on the Cicadellidae of the same area by Beirne (1 956).

The two Delphacid genera Achrotile Fieber and Laccocera Van Duzee can be recognized by the presence of distinct pits on the frons, notum and abdominal dorsum. The frons in Achrotile has two median parallel carinae whilst only one is present in Laccocera.

The species discussed below was first recorded under the name Synetaeris n. sp. as a parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., in Ontario by McGugan and Blais (1959), although they point out that it may have been collected from budworm in British Columbia during the 1940's but incorrectly identified at that time. These authors collected S. tenuifemur during the declining years of a budworm outbreak in the Lake Nipigon region of northwestern Ontario, and it was during the declining years of a severe outbreak that the parasite was first reared from budworm in the Green River area of north-western New Brunswick (Morris, 1963, in press). These data suggest that S. tenuifemur is associated with endemic budworm populations, an assumption advanced by McGugan and Blais (1959). However, it was not found in the Green River area from 1945 to 1947 when budworm density was at a low level prior to the 1949-1959 outbreak.

A new species of Acropsilus from the Solomon Islands is described, and a key provided for the four known species of the genus.

Litoleptis alaskensis, a new genus and species from Alaska, and Bolbomyia melanderi, a new species from the Appalachians, are described. Cekendia wuorentausi is redescribed, and the genus synonymyzed with Bolbomyia. Further records of the Nearctic species of Bolbomyia are given. A generic group composed of Hilarimorpha, Litoleptis, Bolbomyia, Archicera and Austroleptis is proposed.

The ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), causes extensive damage to logs in coastal British Columbia. The logging debris or slash felled in the autumn has been found to be an important breeding place for these beetles. The shaded sides of the larger pieces of slash sustained the greatest attacks and produced the most brood. The population increased about four-fold as a result of breeding in slash and this increase was estimated to be more than one quarter of a million beetles per acre on the areas investigated. A very large population of these beetles can develop each year in districts where autumn and winter felling is in progress.

The cottony scale attacking the peach in Ontario is apparently the European species Pulvinaria vitis (L.) and may have been introduced to North America prior to 1897. It is thelytokous and has only one generation per year. The partly grown, adult female overwinters on the bark of its host. The eggs, laid about mid-May, are enclosed in a white, felt-like ovisac that is secreted by submarginal glands in the ventral region of the scale's body. The eggs, which on peach averaged about 4,000 per female, were laid over a relatively short period when the temperature was 14 °C. or higher. Eggs began to hatch after about 200 day degrees above 10 °C. Increasing the temperature increased the rate of hatching, but no close correlation was found between the rate of hatching and the average daily temperature during the hatching period.

The newly emerged nymphs were both phototactic and photokinetic, and their establishment on the host plant was affected by several factors including light, humidity, and air movement. For a given set of conditions there appeared to be a maximum number of nymphs that could become established per unit area of host. P. vitis was dispersed by wind at any stage when it was active, but especially at the early crawler stage.

Growth of the scales was discontinuous with varying periods when no growth took place. There were three moults: the first 12 to 18 days after hatching; the second 28 to 36 days; and the third 56 to 93 days. At ecdysis only the cuticle of the ventral surface and the appendages was shed. Movement of the scales on the host plant was particularly frequent till the first moult, but some movement took place throughout the summer and early fall except for a period in late August and early September. Only a small percentage of the scales reached the bark from the leaves, probably due to random movement.

Feeding appeared to be discontinuous with periods of days when no feeding took place. The scales fed on the phloem, but on twigs the stylets penetrated as far as the xylem and destroyed the cambium in the feeding area.

Though parasites and predators exist in the area and appeared to be capable of exercising a large measure of control, the spray programs used in the orchards held them to relatively small numbers. At least one species of parasite was almost absent from sprayed orchards.