The swimming path of a reared Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, was measured in a submerged aquaculture net cage to understand how reared fish use the space in such a cage. A bluefin tuna (fork length, FL, 0.51 m) was captured by angling in the cage, and two micro data loggers (PD3GT, Little Leonardo; DST Comp-Tilt, Star-Oddi) were attached to its body. The fish was then released back into the net cage. The PD3GT measured its swimming speed and depth at 1-s intervals and recorded these in flash memory. The DST Comp-Tilt measured the magnetic field strength at 1-s intervals and recorded the heading estimated from the magnetic field strength in flash memory. The fish moved through the water in the cage at speeds of 0.7–0.8 m s-1 and attained a maximum speed of 3.6 m s-1. Burst swims exceeding 2 m s-1 were confirmed only after dark and a significant difference was found between the daytime and night-time swimming speeds (p < 0.001). The fish moved at depths between 2 and 22 m, swimming near the bottom during the day and at 10–15 m at night, with a significant difference in swimming depth between day and night (p < 0.001). The swimming path reconstructed by dead reckoning was visualised using night-time data. For this period, the absolute speed was corrected from 0.75  ±  0.09 m s-1 to 0.71  ±  0.15 m s-1 by removing the accumulated error from the reconstruction vector. This study allowed us to examine the behaviour of a tagged tuna in three dimensions and is the first to monitor the behaviour of a bluefin tuna in a submerged net cage. Although only one fish was analysed, this study provides useful information on the space use of reared fish in aquaculture net cages. Future studies must obtain sufficient data to understand the underlying generalities of tuna behaviour.

Time-area closures have become a frequently used tool to control fishing effort and protect feeding and spawning areas. However, because time-area closure strata are mainly based on biological and ecological considerations, and do not accounts for fishermen’s behavior-at-sea, this type of regulation tool may not entirely achieve its objectives. With the aim of comparing the impact of two different time-area regulations: (1) a moratorium on Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) sets (1997–2005) and (2) a no-take area for surface fleets (2005–2010) on the dynamics of the European (EU) tuna purse seine fleet operating in the eastern tropical Atlantic, several fishery indicators were evaluated through a Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) approach. The results showed that prior to any regulation, the fleet used to be concentrated within the Gulf of Guinea area. During the first years of the moratorium on FAD (from November to January within a large region in the eastern Atlantic) there was a movement towards outside the protected area, increasing the total sets on FAD (restricted fishing activity). In general, this moratorium fulfilled its objectives; however, it was not respected during the last years of this regulation. The no-take time-area closure restricted all tuna catches for the surface fisheries but only in November and within a small area (i.e., the Picolo zone). As a result, there was an increase in activities on free schools outside the no-take area. Our findings suggest the use of some simple fishery indicators to understand fleet dynamics as a complement of ecological information before implementing new time area closures. Furthermore, since tunas are highly mobile species, anticipating the possible re-allocation of effort of purse seiners to adjacent areas in response to the spatial regulation is required to design different candidate time-area closures and to evaluate their effectiveness to protect juvenile tunas.

Ecological risk assessment is a useful methodology for assisting the management of fisheries from an ecosystem perspective. Atlantic tuna fisheries, managed by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), are economically important and interact with several bycatch species. In spite of these interactions, no comprehensive ecological risk assessment has been conducted for bycatch species caught in ICCAT fisheries. In this paper, we followed a two stage approach with the objective of assessing the relative risk of species being negatively impacted by Atlantic tuna fisheries. An analysis of the ICCAT bycatch species list (which includes all species reported to have interacted with different tuna fishing gears operating in the Atlantic) revealed that most of these species are caught in longline fisheries, followed by gillnets and purse seines. According to the IUCN red list, 7 species of the ICCAT bycatch list (3 coastal sharks, 3 sea turtles and one seabird) are categorized as critically endangered. In our study, and based on their life history characteristics, marine mammals and coastal sharks caught in ICCAT fisheries showed the highest intrinsic vulnerability values. A productivity susceptibility analysis for the European Union (EU) tropical tuna purse seine fleet and the United States (US) pelagic longline fleet revealed two groups with high relative risk scores. The first one included pelagic and coastal sharks, characterized by relatively low productivities, and the second one included teleosts, characterized by higher productivities but high susceptibility to purse seine and longline gears. Some alternative approaches to conduct productivity susceptibility analyses in the context of ecological risk assessments are discussed.

We used a digital stereo-video camera system for three-dimensional monitoring of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, swimming freely in a net cage. We estimated the fork length and length frequency distribution of individual fish using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. Information obtained from stereo images is useful for managing the growth of tuna during rearing. Our aim was to develop a simple method involving a combination of DLT and commercial image-processing software to enable aquaculturists to obtain three-dimensional measurements of fish. In this study, we used a stereo-video camera system to evaluate the precision and validity of fish size estimates determined from repeated measurements. Of the total assessed individuals swimming within a distance of  <5.5 m from the camera system, estimates for 99% (106/107) were found to be valid, with an error ratio (standard error/mean) of  <5%. Therefore, we believe that our proposed simple method for monitoring free-swimming fish could be very useful for aquaculture management.

French oyster farming has been subject to severe mortalities during the summer months.Results from the research program “Morest”, which ran from 2000 to 2006 and examined thepossible causes of these mortalities, led to the construction of a model to explain theinteraction between environmental factors, oyster physiology and different opportunisticpathogens underlying oyster summer mortality. Temperature, food, reproduction and stresswere the main factors required for oyster mortality. Genetically-based resistance (“R”oysters) or susceptibility (“S” oysters) to summer mortality was revealed by divergentselection. Building on these results, a literature search was made in 2007 on themolecular origin of genetic resistance to such a complex mortality risk. The objectiveswere to lay a foundation for the preparation and orientation of future research directionsand to improve understanding of the underlying physiological mechanism leading to summermortality. Three years later, the resulting conceptual analysis reported here waspresented as an introductory lecture to Physiomar 2010, a conference where many newresults contributing to this research field were also reported. The literature reviewhighlighted two major review articles: the first dealing with nutrition and reproduction(Schneider 2004), the second with reproduction,temperature, oxidative stress and mortality (Heineinger 2002). The effect of nutrition level on energy orientation to growth orreproduction is controlled by endocrine factors. Among these, neuropeptide Y (NPY),ghrelin and leptin neuropeptides appeared to be potential candidates involved in germ-somaorientation in relation to trophic conditions. Depending on reproductive effort andtemperature, a metabolic stress resulting from the germ-soma conflict can appear,characterized by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Such an excess ofROS induces perturbations in mitochondrial activity leading to cell death. Many organisms,such as annual plants or the Pacific salmon, do not survive their first reproduction. Incontrast, others increase stress resistance by selection of antioxidant processes(superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase, etc.) through evolution, and survive firstreproduction. A similar difference was observed in the comparison made between R and Soysters, which differed in ROS production, SOD and catalase levels. Such factorscontrolling reproduction and ROS detoxification processes could therefore provide newmarkers for selection of oysters with better resistance to non-specific pathogens,complementing other classic selection approaches against specific pathogens or forimproved immunity. This antioxidant defence mechanism is found in many organisms includingvertebrates and in some invertebrates, including oysters. Its role needs to be consideredin pathology events involving other aquaculture species and it may also contribute toexplaining the increase in marine pathologies under anthropogenic environmental changes.

The smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena (Sphyrnidae) is regularlycaught as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries, but is one of the least studied of allpelagic sharks. Recently, ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of AtlanticTunas) issued recommendations underlining the need for more studies on the life historyparameters of this and other pelagic shark species. To this end, the age and growth ofS. zygaena were studied in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, in anarea where growth parameters were not yet available for this species. Data from 139specimens, caught between June and September 2009, ranging in size from 136 to 233 cm forklength (FL), were analysed. Preliminary trials were carried out to assess the mostefficient growth band enhancement technique. These indicated that sectioning the vertebraeinto 500 μm sections followed by staining with crystal violet producedthe best results. Growth models were fitted using the traditional von Bertalanffy growthequation and a modification of this equation using a known size at birth. Growth modelswere compared using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). The von Bertalanffy growthequation seemed to be the most adequate model to describe growth in this species, withresulting growth parameters of Linf = 272 cmFL, k = 0.06 year for males andLinf = 285 cm FL,k = 0.07 year for females. In the first four years of life, S.zygaena grows 25 cm per year on average, but its growth slows down in laterlife. Future stock assessment models should incorporate these age and growth parametersfor species management and conservation.

Spatial distribution and species diversity of Cephalopoda caught in ARSA bottom trawlsurveys were studied out during two different seasons (autumn and spring) in the Gulf ofCadiz (Spain) from 2000 to 2007. Species composition of cephalopod assemblages wasanalysed, using both clustering analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis(nMDS). Spatial distribution of the assemblages identified and abundance of the mainspecies were mapped with Surfer 8.0 software, using kriging as the geostatistical griddingmethod. A total of 35 cephalopod species belonging to 6 families were found at depthsbetween 20 and 700 m. In each season, Sepiolidae was the most abundant family in terms ofnumber of species, followed by Octopodidae. The species richness increased up to 100–120 mdepth, where it reached the maximum value. From 120 m, the species richness decreasedprogressively with depth. In spring, the species with the highest occurrence wasEledone moschata (34%) and in autumn it was Alloteuthis media(70%). In both seasons, the most abundant species in terms of weight wasOctopus vulgaris, while Alloteuthis media showed thehighest yields in terms of numbers. Most species showed wide bathymetric ranges,especially in autumn. Three different assemblages were found in both seasons during thetime period analysed (although 2003 and 2006 were not included in the cluster analysis):shelf assemblage (20–160 m), deep shelf/upper slope assemblage (100–350 m) and middleslope assemblage (320–700 m). The specific composition of these three assemblages wassimilar between spring and autumn and an overlap could be observed between them, mainly inthe two continental shelf groups: shelf and deep shelf/upper slope assemblages.Alloteuthis media and Alloteuthis subulata were themost abundant species in the shelf assemblage as well as in the deep shelf/upper slopeassemblage. In the middle slope assemblage, Illex coindetii was the mostabundant species. The assemblages and their spatial distributions could be largely relatedto a combination of physical and biological factors and their interactions.

In French Polynesia, the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera has been farmed to produce pearls since the 1980s, forming the basis of a major industry. The sustainability of this activity relies on spat collection in the lagoons. However, pearl oyster spat can be difficult to identify for the evaluation of stock variations. It is especially hard to distinguish Pinctada spp. larvae at a very early stage of development. In the present study, a whole-mount in situ hybridisation (ISH) technique was developed to allow the discrimination of larvae of closely-related pearl oyster species found in the French Polynesian atolls. Using specific ribosomal 16S-DNA sequence data, we were able to successfully differentiate between Pinctada margaritifera and Pinctada maculata larvae from 5 to 13 days old. This is the first description of a non-destructive method allowing bivalve larvae discrimination between species within this genus. The method allowed us to successfully identify P. margaritifera larvae in natural plankton samples. This result is a key step needed to develop monitoring of P. margaritifera larval distribution in French Polynesian lagoons, a procedure which will increase spat collection efficiency and ensure sustainable development of pearl oyster farming.

To reveal the kinematical aspects of schooling development in the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis, changes in its schooling behaviour traits, local behaviour transmission among school members and morphological traits were investigated as fish developed from the larval to the juvenile stage. Schooling was first observed at around 24 days post-hatching (27 mm body length) in T. orientalis. Behaviour transmission among individuals took much longer among 24 d post-hatching individuals than among older fish. The compactness and polarity of the school progressively improved as the time required for behaviour transmission decreased. One cause of the reduction in the time required for behaviour transmission was the development of manoeuvrability, which resulted from further morphological development of the caudal fin and other organs related to swimming.

The bigeye thresher, Alopias supercilious,is commonly caught as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries targetingswordfish. Little information is yet available on the biology ofthis species, however. As part of an ongoing study, observers sentaboard fishing vessels have been collecting set of information thatincludes samples of vertebrae, with the aim of investigating ageand growth of A. supercilious. A total of 117 specimenswere sampled between September 2008 and October 2009 in the tropicalnortheastern Atlantic, with specimens ranging from 101 to 242 cmfork length (FL) (176 to 407 cm total length). The A. supercilious vertebraewere generally difficult to read, mainly because they were poorlycalcified, which is typical of Lamniformes sharks. Preliminary trialswere carried out to determine the most efficient band enhancementtechnique for this species, in which crystal violet section stainingwas found to be the best methodology. Estimated ages in this sampleranged from 2 to 22 years for females and 1 to 17 years for males.A version of the von Bertalanffy growth model (VBGF) re-parameterisedto estimate L0, and a modified VBGF using a fixed L0 were fittedto the data. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used tocompare these models. The VBGF produced the best results, with thefollowing parameters: Linf = 293 cm FL, k = 0.06 y–1 and L0 = 111 cmFL for females Linf = 206 cm FL, k = 0.18 y–1 and L0 = 93 cm FLfor males. The estimated growth coefficients confirm that A. supercilious isa slow-growing species, highlighting its vulnerability to fishingpressure. It is therefore urgent to carry out more biological researchto inform fishery managers more adequately and address conservationissues.

A technique was developed for dissection and isolation of male germ cells in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. This procedure can provide cells for the exploration of processes involved in the reproductive physiology of bivalves. Spermatogonia were chosen because of their essential role in spermatogenesis and the impact of gonia proliferation on reproductive effort. A non lethal method for determining sex and reproductive cycle stage was first validated in oysters. This first step was essential in order to constitute a homogeneous pool of oysters at the same stages of gametogenesis. Germ cell fractions were then obtained from a density gradient, and enrichment of each fraction was ratified by electron microscopy and by means of a 2-parameter flow cytometry procedure (DNA and mitochondrial staining). A significant enrichment in spermatogonia and spermatocytes was confirmed by the increased expression of markers of proliferative cells (proliferative cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) and early germ cells (oyster vasa-like gene). A preliminary cell sorting procedure is also reported, which was applied to fractions enriched in spermatogonia.

In this paper, biochemical and physiological analyses were used to characterize changes associated with mortality event occurred during veliger development of American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Biochemical analyses included the evaluation of lipid classes, fatty acid composition and total protein content. Larval physiology was evaluated by studying feeding activity, enzymes related to energy metabolism, oxidative stress levels and enzymatic antioxidant defenses. These analyses were complemented by bacterial community analyses as well as by measuring larval oyster performance. We observed that mortality events coincided with (1) strong changes in the surrounding bacterial community; (2) a progressive decrease in feeding activity; (3) higher levels of some lipid classes (free fatty acids, diglycerides, and acetone mobile phospholipids); (4) lower levels of phospholipids and protein; (5) higher contents of non-methylene interrupted dienoic fatty acids (22:2 NMI); (6) a decrease in energy metabolism activity (citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase activities); (7) a higher oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation level); and (8) an activation of antioxidant defences before mortality (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). We hypothesized that mortality emergence was related to higher energy consumption coupled with the progressive decline in feeding activity, lowered energy reserves and a decrease in energy metabolism activity. Thus, the low energy availability limited the efficiency of antioxidant defenses, resulting in a higher oxidative stress.

Reared sea bass were submitted to six stressful situations: hyperoxia with or without hypercapnia, increased stocking density in an open flow or recirculating system, transfer to another tank and nodavirus injection. The potentially negative impact of these factors on the lives of sea bass was investigated by measuring 9 water parameters and 19 fish parameters including total serum protein (TSP). TSP has already been used to evaluate stress. The present study investigates data of previous and new experiments, concentrating on the potential use of TSP as a routine indicator to assess welfare in sea bass reared on fish farms. In the current experiment, oxygen and carbon dioxide were seen to affect levels of TSP, but alterations were too erratic to enable proper comparison, probably because they are normal components of the fish environment and become toxic only by dose increase. TSP decreased when stocking density increased. After transfer to another tank, TSP decreased to 14% for three weeks and then increased during the fourth week through compensative overproduction, before returning to normal levels after 2 months. The results confirmed that transfer is an important stress factor for fish, with cumulative effects for successive transfers. TSP alteration of nodavirus-injected fish depends on the type of symptoms, which can be divided into 3 groups: (i) dying fish, in which TSP increased sharply due to over-production of protein involved in non-specific defences and inflammation, then decreased dramatically before death; (ii) whirling fish, a group that included both fish that later died, in which TSP decreased, and fish that subsequently survived, in which TSP increased due to development of specific immunity; and (iii) asymptomatic fish, in which TPS was similar to control levels and which were probably insensitive to nodavirus and/or had developed defences. In this paper, different mechanisms of TSP alteration are proposed and the interest of TSP as a field parameter is discussed. TSP is a non-destructive parameter that is robust, easy to measure everywhere and cheap, representing a suitable way of monitoring the overall welfare of fish by its regular increase. It can be used only as a “warning” of poor rearing conditions, however, and further investigations would be needed to identify the specific stress or health disorder.

The amphidromous life cycle and morphological characteristics of Sicydiinae species allowthem to colonise tropical freshwater habitats from the river mouth to the upper reaches ofthe river basin. Otolith microchemistry of 62 Sicydium punctatum from thePérou River, Guadeloupe (French West Indies) was investigated with a femtosecond laserablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (fs-LA-ICP-MS) in order toreconstruct individual life history and follow the possible movements of Sicydiumpunctatum after the recruitment. Sr:Ca fingerprint confirmed the amphidromouscycle of this species. Variations of Ba:Ca in some individuals indicated changes inenvironmental conditions after the recruitment in the river. Even if results did not allowconcluding to the specific origin of these variations, the hydrological regime and thebiofilm composition may have a non negligible influence on the Ba availability. Resultssupported the use of multi-elemental signatures in otoliths and highlight the need for alarge geographical and temporal sampling of Ba and Sr in freshwater systems for a betterunderstanding of amphidromous fish species.

The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is an important commercial species in the US Pacific Northwest with a history of production initially based on wild-caught seed imported directly from the Miyagi region of northern Japan (1920s–1970s) followed by an extended period of seed collection from a small number of naturalized, self-recruiting populations in US estuaries (early 1970s-present) and more recently through large-scale hatchery production of seed oysters (mid 1970s-present). I studied the genetic level consequences of each of these major transformations of the oyster industry by examining the patterns of private alleles (bands unique to one sample), the number of polymorphic loci, expected heterozygosity, genetic distance between populations and genetic divergence between individuals within and among three native Pacific oyster populations in Japan (Hiroshima, Miyagi, Midori River), five naturalized populations in North America (Pipestem Inlet BC, Nootka Inlet BC, Dabob Bay WA, Willapa Bay, WA, and Tillamook Bay, OR), two in New Zealand (Chance Bay and Kaipara Harbor), and seven domesticated and selectively bred cohorts from an ongoing genetic improvement program on the West Coast of the United States using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. All but one of the naturalized populations in both the USA and New Zealand are genetically more similar to native populations from the Ariake Sea (Midori River) than to the Miyagi region of their origin, but all domesticated stocks more closely resemble the wild Miyagi population. According to local oyster producers, the one exceptional naturalized population (Tillamook) is a very recent colonization derived from farmed oysters. Such consistency is unexpected under random genetic drift, and I speculate that both natural and artificial selection may have altered AFLP allele frequencies in this species in the course of naturalization and domestication.

Successful commercial aquaculture production of spiny lobster is, for the most part, still constrained by an array challenges including the development of nutritionally complete and cost-effective feeds, control of disease vectors, and the design of larval mass culture tanks. Culture tank designs for larval production are a critical step to facilitating the most favorable combinations of water flow, food contact, and larval survivorship over the course of development. The evolution of new plankton-kreisels that are used by aquariums to culture and exhibit gelatinous zooplankton (e.g., jellyfish) provide a unique opportunity for testing the feasibility for spiny lobster larval culture, particularly with tropical species such as Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) whose larval duration, although complex, is comparatively shorter than other spiny lobsters. Here, we report on the feasibility of culturing P. argus larvae (i.e., phyllosoma) from hatch to Stage VI using large (180 L) modified acrylic plankton-kreisels. We compared overall growth and survival of phyllosoma at starting densities of 5000 (~27.8 larvae L-1) and 2500 individuals (~13.8 larvae L-1) and found no significant difference with respect to survival or mortality through to 65 days (χ2 = 1.595; df = 1; p = 0.2066) resulting in mean survival rates of 60.7% (s.e. = ±3.7) and 54.5% (s.e. = ±3.2), respectively. Comparable growth was also achieved between both densities to Stages V and VI (mean body lengths of 7.5 and 10.2 mm, respectively) at 25.1 ± 0.41 °C and pH = 8.1. Phyllosoma utilized the entire tank volume and displayed minimal entanglement. The application of such tank designs for larval spiny lobster culture not only contributes to future designs for aquaculture production, but also provides a useful platform for conducting behavioral studies for this complex larval phase.

The pressures on the use of the seashore are steadily rising, not only in developed countries but worldwide. Anthropogenic activity has long impacted the marine continental shelf down to a depth of approximately –200 m. New activities are now affecting this coastal space such as renewable energies, recreational uses and aquaculture in addition to the traditional ones of navigation or fishing. This evolution raises new sources of conflict amongst users which can require state involvement in order to manage the different stakeholders and pressure groups. However, the coastal space still offers a large potential for development for two reasons. Firstly, the physical three dimensional potential of this space enables the whole water column to be used, principally to increase the fishing productivity as in Japan. Secondly, innovative synergies can be created between socio-technical and ecological uses (a “fourth dimension”) such as the eco-design of wind turbine foundations in order to create fish habitat or sea grass settlement. This new vision in “4D” for the design and the management of coastal infrastructure can potentially reduce the risk of conflict as different uses of the coastal space would not necessarily exclude one another. Indeed, several forms of synergy could be developed such as fisheries with aquaculture or biological sustainability with social acceptability. Until now, limited attempts at such an approach have been done. We suggest this is likely due to the absence of a common eco-engineering vision and the lack of experience amongst biologists and engineers in the co-construction of projects. This eco-engineering, or “green” vision, also takes into account the complexity and resilience of the ecosystem in the long term, if underwater engineered infrastructures are also “eco”-designed to increase ecological gain This new conception, for development within the coastal area, provides for an increased bio-oriented complexity to engineered structure and therefore a better resistance of the ecosystem in the long term to anthropogenic pressures and a reduction in multi-user conflicts.

Meal frequency is a key parameter in fish larviculture, especially in highlycannibalistic species. Knowledge of the biological bases of cannibalism (growth capacityof cannibals, morphological constraints on cannibalism, prey size preference) can helppredicting the risks of cannibalism for different feeding schedules under cultureconditions. This study relied on the day-by-day analysis of prey size preference andbioenergetics of individual cannibals of the catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer(8–65 mm standard length, SL, 0.5–400 mg dry mass,DM) at 28.5 °C under 12L:12D. The results were equated with theontogenetic variations of morphological factors (head and mouth width) and feed efficiencyof larvae feeding on Artemia nauplii, in order to calculate the risks ofcannibalism among fish fed 2–7 daily meals. The predation capacities of P.punctifer were highest at 8 mm SL and decreased in larger fish(largest prey  =  86% and 70% SL in fish of 8 and  >30 mmSL, respectively). Cannibals of increasing size preferred increasinglysmaller prey relative to their own size, but also to their predation capacities. Thesemorphological and behavioural constraints were largely compensated for by bioenergeticsperformance. Cannibals consumed high daily food rations (as high as 171 and 29%DM in fish  <1 and  >300 mg DM,respectively), exhibited high gross conversion efficiencies (0.50–0.55 and about 0.70, infish  <1 and  >30 mg DM, respectively), and grew rapidly(90 and 18% DM day-1 in fish  <1 and  >300 mgDM, respectively). The growth advantage of cannibals over siblings fedArtemia nauplii was decisive, except for high meal frequencies (6–7daily meals). This study supports the view that the risk of cannibalism and adequatefeeding strategies can be largely predicted in a particular fish species if themorphological, behavioural and bioenergetics bases of cannibalism are examined altogetherin an ontogenetic perspective.

We examined whether escape response performance and mitochondrial capacities could reveal differences created by feeding scallops, Argopecten purpuratus, mono-specific algal diets composed of either Chaetoceros calcitrans or Isochrysis galbana (variety T. iso) hereafter T. iso. Before and after feeding scallops with these diets, we assessed force production in vivo to evaluate escape response performance (initial and repeat). We measured oxidative capacities of mitochondria isolated from the adductor muscle and from the male and female portions of the gonad. Initial escape response performance was reduced more by the C. calcitrans diet than by the T. iso diet. Repeat escape responses, which require aerobic recuperation, were reduced by both treatments. The oxidative capacity of mitochondria isolated from muscle and female gonad was markedly lower in scallops fed C. calcitrans than in those fed T. iso. Flux through complex I–IV and through complex IV was also lower in mitochondria from muscle of scallops fed C. calcitrans than in those fed T. iso. Muscle aerobic capacity, assessed by citrate synthase activity, was lower in scallops fed C. calcitrans than in those fed T. iso. Despite the marked differences in fatty acid (FA) composition of the algal diets, the FA composition of mitochondrial phospholipids differed little between scallops fed C. calcitrans and those fed T. iso. Both escape response behaviour and mitochondrial capacities changed with feeding mono-specific diets. The simplicity of measurements of scallop escape responses suggests this as a practical means of evaluating the status of scallops for the two monoalgal diets tested.