Samples of trout (Salmo trutta L.) were taken from four rivers in the Conwy system, North Wales: the Roe and the Nant-y-goron, which support sea trout stocks, and the Iwrch and Machno which are situated above impassable waterfalls and contain resident trout. Tissue samples from the fish were used in electrophoretic analysis of enzymes. Fourteen loci were scored of which six were polymorphic (Pgi-2, Gpd-2, Ldh-5, Mdh-2, Mdh-4 and Ck-2). Allele frequency data from these loci were used to test interpopulation heterogeneity, which indicated that the two upstream samples were probably reproductively isolated from each other and also from the downstream samples. Mean heterozygosity was generally lower in the upstream stocks compared with the sea trout populations. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance (D) revealed a clear dichotomy between those stocks above, and those below waterfalls. This was best explained by the presence of two strains of trout in the system. One strain, the resident trout occurring above impassable waterfalls, was characterized by high frequencies of the Ldh-5(100) allele, the other strain, principally consisting of sea trout, exhibited high frequencies of the Lhd-5(90) allele.

Two techniques of stock discrimination both utilizing scales, i. e. termed as classical technique and shape analysis, are compared for discriminating between North American and European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) caught off West Greenland. Three scales from each of 60 salmon were analyzed: 30 from North American and 30 from European-origin salmon collected from home rivers in 1982. The best results indicated misclassification and error rates of 0% for shape analysis and 5.0% and ± 1.7%, respectively, for the classical technique. A nested ANOVA indicated that variation was greater between scales of salmon of North American and European origin than from several scales from the same salmon. It was concluded that shape analysis with computer-aided devices may be superior to the classical technique and it is recommended that it be examined for use at West Greenland.

L'élevage de groupes d'atipas, Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828). en bassins de pisciculture, ou de couples isolés en viviers, a montré que, dans ces conditions, la chronologie de la reproduction de l'espèce, établie par le dénombrement des nids et des pontes, reste comparable à celle observée dans le milieu naturel et s'étend de début novembre à fin mai. L'élevage de couples isolés a montré une régression du poids de la ponte en fonction de son numéro d'ordre. Chez les femelles d'un poids moyen de 207 g, ce poids diminue de la première (66,7 g) à la troisième ponte pour se stabiliser à 21,9 g. Chez les femelles d'un poids moyen de 89 g se reproduisant pour la première fois, cette diminution est de moindre amplitude. De 28,5 g pour la première ponte, la masse d'œufs pondue se stabilise à 23,9 g à partir de la troisième ponte. Le nombre de pontes au cours d'un cycle annuel peut s'élever à 14 et la production annuelle d'œufs peut atteindre 180 g, soit 48 600 œufs, pour une femelle de 89 g, ou 340 g, soit 91 900 œufs, pour une femelle de 207 g. Ces nombres d'œufs ont été évalués sur la base d'un poids unitaire de 3,7 mg, poids moyen déduit de la pesée et du dénombrement de 55 pontes. Au cours d'une saison de reproduction, les femelles de 207 g accusent en moyenne un déclin du poids corporel de 23 %. Chez les mâles d'un poids moyen de 292 g, cette perte de poids, plus modeste, atteint 9 % du poids initial. Chez des sujets se reproduisant pour la première fois, cette perte de poids est de 10 % pour les femelles de 89 g et de 0,4 % pour les mâles de 185 g. Les observations menées sur des groupes de sujets élevés collectivement en bassin ont montré que 49 °C des nids contenant des œufs abriteraient la ponte de 2 femelles ou plus et que 5 femelles peuvent pondre simultanément dans un même nid. Dans la pisciculture, 48 % des nids observés ne contenaient pas de ponte et les périodes où le taux de nid vide est le plus important encadrent la période correspondant à l'activité maximale de reproduction (janvier-février). Par ailleurs, le taux de nid vide n'est pas corrélé à l'importance des pluies. Le prélèvement d'alevins opéré à un moment tardif du cycle de reproduction serait susceptible de relancer l'activité de ponte mais n'engendrerait pas d'augmentation significative de la durée de la période de reproduction. De même, la mise en présence tardive des géniteurs ne semble pas générer d'allongement de la période de reproduction. La conclusion porte sur l'intégration de ces divers résultats à une vision globale de la stratégie de reproduction de l'espèce.

En utilisant la technique de l'électrophorèse sur gel d'amidon, la variabilité génétique de 16 populations de Crassostrea gigas naturalisées ou cultivées sur les côtes atlantiques françaises ont été comparées à une population de Miyagi (Japon). Les résultats de fréquences alléliques obtenus pour 13 locus analysés dans les 17 populations examinées, ont montré 4 locus monomorphes pour le même électromorphe pour les populations françaises et seulement 3 pour la population japonaise. Deux allèles particuliers (Aat-190 et αGpd-1112) ont été décelés dans la population japonaise. Cependant, les fréquences des allèles les plus communs pour chaque locus sont les mêmes en France et au Japon et les critères de variabilité génétique (taux de polymorphisme, taux d'hétérozygotie, nombre moyen d'allèle par locus) qui sont très élevés, sont du même ordre au Japon et en France, y compris pour une population originaire d'écloserie. Les critères d'identité génétique ont montré une similarité très forte entre la population du Japon et celle de France. Parmi celles-ci, quatre populations d'estuaires ont montré certains génotypes particuliers mis en évidence par analyse factorielle des correspondances.

Sampling operations are not routinely conducted in France to monitor the landings of bluefin tuna caught by purse seiners in the Mediterranean. The length, weight and age frequencies of bluefin caught by this fleet are predicted based on sale records, length-at-age and weight-length relations, trends in fishing and natural mortality rates, and other ancillary data. The resulting length frequencies are more accurate than those predicted by Liorzou and Bigot (1992) using a simpler algorithm, and are spread more evenly across adjacent size classes. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was expressed as the numbers of age 2 bluefin caught per successful seine fishing trip in the Gulf of Lions fall fishery. CPUE indices were computed by several methods, and compared to that of the spanish baitboat fishery in the Bay of Biscay. The index trends of the french and spanish fleets exhibit a general increase during 1970–95, but the results do not demonstrate whichof these is the best indicator of juvenile abundance. Complementary surveys are required to determine the temporal and spatial distributions of surface schools and fishing effort, and identify the most reliable index of abundance.

A technique was developed for dissection and isolation of male germ cells in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. This procedure can provide cells for the exploration of processes involved in the reproductive physiology of bivalves. Spermatogonia were chosen because of their essential role in spermatogenesis and the impact of gonia proliferation on reproductive effort. A non lethal method for determining sex and reproductive cycle stage was first validated in oysters. This first step was essential in order to constitute a homogeneous pool of oysters at the same stages of gametogenesis. Germ cell fractions were then obtained from a density gradient, and enrichment of each fraction was ratified by electron microscopy and by means of a 2-parameter flow cytometry procedure (DNA and mitochondrial staining). A significant enrichment in spermatogonia and spermatocytes was confirmed by the increased expression of markers of proliferative cells (proliferative cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) and early germ cells (oyster vasa-like gene). A preliminary cell sorting procedure is also reported, which was applied to fractions enriched in spermatogonia.

Zero-water exchange culture tanks were stocked with Penaeus vannamei postlarvae to compare the effects of (i) three dietary phosphorus levels: 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 %, and (ii) three dietary inorganic phosphorus sources: CaHPO4, Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4, on postlarvae biological performance, and total reactive phosphorus accumulation in the water (TRPAW). Dietary Ca:P ratio was maintained within a 1:1 to 1:2 ratio. Postlarvae survival was high and not significantly different among treatments. Postlarvae growth was not significantly different, regardless of dietary phosphorus level. TRPAW was significantly higher with increasing level of dietary phosphorus. Dietary inorganic phosphorus source did not have a significant effect on postlarvae growth. No significant differences were found on TRPAW between diets with Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 supplementation at equal dietary phosphorus level. TRPAW was significantly lower with CaHPO4 than with Na2HPO4 or NaH2PO4 supplementation at equal dietary phosphorus level. Environmental quality of culture water may be greatly modified through nutritional strategies without negatively affecting shrimp biological performance.

European Community regulations on chemicals promote alternative methods to test substances presenting potential risks for the environment. In the present work, cultured atrial cells isolated from oyster (Crassostrea gigas) were used as an experimental model to investigate the toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) after short-time exposure at concentrations representative of those that can be measured in seawater, marine sediments and/or bivalves bioaccumulating this pollutant. In vitro and in vivo assays produce values of the same order of magnitude for both animal/cell survival and heart/cardiomyocyte beating rate. The survival rate of whole animals decreased from 10-6 M TBT after 3 days. For cultured cells, the viability, evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, significantly decreased after two days of treatment with 10-6 M TBT, and after six days with 10-10 M TBT. The percentage of apoptotic cells, quantified by flow cytometry and YO-PRO®-1 iodide, a nucleic acid stain that only permeates cells that are beginning to undergo apoptosis, increased significantly in these cases. Moreover, intracellular concentration of Ca++ had increased after 10 min of exposition to 10-6 M, and could be associated with apoptotic processes. As patch clamp experiments showed that Ca++ conductance was decreased, intracellular calcium increase could mainly be due to a release from internal stores. The decreases in beating rhythm could be explained by the decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production revealed by 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and confirmed by the increase of the KATP channel conductance. The related hyperpolarization and the disturbances of the energetic metabolism were clearly related to the loss of the atrial cell contractility and viability.

Rainbow trout were fed two experimental diets differed in lipid content by replacement of crudestarch (lipid-poor diet : 4.2% lipid or lipid or lipid-rich diet : 14.8% lipid) supplemented or not with antibiotics (a combination Flumequine + Gentamycin, 1:4). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate and total energy were measured. Addition of lipid by replacement of crude starch in the fish diet in the absence of antibiotics enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrate and total energy, but did not influence those of lipid. Antibiotics supplementation of the lipid-poor diet (consequently with a high level of carbohydrate) enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, and total energy, but not those of carbohydrate. On the other hand the antibiotics-treated lipid-rich diet (consequentlywith a low level of carbohydrate) showed a higher (p < 0.01) digestibility for dry matter, lipid, carbohydrate and total energy, but not for crude protein. The stimulatory effect of antibiotics on nutrient digestibility is discussed.

Les stratégies de pêche, développées par les capitaines des thoniers senneurs vénézuéliens dans la mer des Caraïbes, reposent sur la recherche d'indices visuels indiquant la présence de thons à la surface de l'océan. Une fois que la détection est réalisée, le senneur peut choisir la tactique qui consiste à demander l'aide d'un thonier canneur (pêche à l'appât vivant) afin d'augmenter le taux de réussite d'un coup de senne. Pour prendre en compte la variabilité de différents facteurs, comme la saison, les indices de détection associés aux bancs, l'aide du thonier canneur, les espèces de thons et le poids moyen des poissons présents dans le banc, les probabilités de réalisation de certains événements sont estimées à l'aide de la modélisation Logit, issue de modèles Log-linéaires. Les probabilités de capturer des bancs de gros individus sont maximales lorsque l'albacore est l'espèce dominante et que la pêche a lieu sur banc libre ou sur requin-baleine; cet effet est d'autant plus marqué en saison sèche.En revanche, si le listao est l'espèce dominante, la probabilité de capturer des gros individus est faible, en particulier lorsque la pêche est réalisée sur des baleines. Les résultats de cette modélisation sont intégrés dans un arbre de décision. Si on retient le critère de l'espérance mathématique des gains potentiels, l'aide du thonier canneur ne semble pas être la meilleure des tactiques possibles. Pourtant son impact est positif sur le taux de réussite d'un coup de senne, puisque le pourcentage de calées positives passe de 58 % sans aide à 85 % avec aide. L'efficacité de cette aide dépend du type d'association rencontré. Elle augmente lorsqu'il s'agit de bancs libres ou en association avec des baleines, mais diminue lorsque le banc est associé à un requin-baleine.Une simulation par la méthode de Monte Carlo montre que, malgré l'absence de cette aide, quelques gains importants peuvent être réalisés lorsque l'objet flottant associé est une baleine. En conséquence, le choix tactique qui consiste à demander l'aide d'un thonier canneur et qui est plus fréquent chez les petits et moyens scnncurs que chez les grandes unités, pourrait traduire une attitude de prudence face au risque, sans écarter certaines contraintes physiques de ces senneurs comme leur vitesse. Si on la compare avec d'autres zones de pêche thonière, la mer des Caraïbes se caractérise par une forte proportion de coups de senne faites sur requins-baleines (37 % des coups) et sur baleines (24 %). En contrepartie, le nombre de coups de senne faits sur des épaves flottantes est trèss faible. Ceci pourrait être lié à la nature des courants marins qui entraîneraient ces épaves en dehors de la zone de pêche des senneurs vénézuéliens. La similitude des comportements adoptés face au risque, dans des milicux très différents comme la pêche et l'agriculture, est discutée brièvement.

Even with the rapid changes in the level of complexity and the uncertainty of the environment in which Belgian sea fisheries operate, fisheries management in Belgium is still mainly based on restrictive policy instruments founded in the biological approach of fisheries management science. Since they will continue to play an important role, this paper evaluated changes in three restrictive policy instruments and their effect on future fleet performance and dynamics, i.e. maximum fishing days, total quota-restrictions and licences. These effects are tested through scenarios in a microeconomic simulation model, including sensitivity analysis. This study opts for a dynamic simulation model based on a microeconomic approach of fleet dynamics using system dynamics as a modelling technique (operational base: Vensim®DSS). The results indicated that changes in maximum fishing days and total quota resulted in higher fluctuations in fleet performance and dynamics compared to changes in licences. Furthermore, changes in maximum fishing days and total quota had a direct impact on fleet performance, though not always as expected, whereas licences only affected fleet performance indirectly since they only limit the entry of new vessels to the fleet and they can block the growth of successful sub fleets. The outcomes of this study are translated into practical recommendations for improving fisheries management. Firstly, policy makers need to be more aware of misperceptions of feedback. Secondly, the results proved that altering only one type of restrictive policy instrument at a time often fails to meet desired outcomes. Therefore, policy makers need to find a balance in combining policy instruments. Finally, this paper opens the discussion on the future value of restrictive policy instruments in the rapidly changing, complex and uncertain fisheries environment. It suggests rethinking their use from “preserving a status quo and social peace” toward a driving factor in “stimulating fleet dynamics”.

The redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is a freshwater crayfishspecies endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea that is the focus of a growingculture industry in number of regions around the world. Here we isolated and characterized15 microsatellite loci from Cherax quadricarinatus and tested variabilityof the loci in 66 unrelated cultured individuals. Thirteen of 15 microsatellite loci werepolymorphic. Number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven while observed andexpected heterozygosities ranged from 0.172 to 0.985 and from 0.373 to 0.778,respectively. Eleven loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the sampledpopulation. These microsatellite loci developed here provide an important resource forstudying genetic diversity and population structure in redclaw crayfish and potentially inother related species.

The present results come from the campaigns of the international multidisciplinary programmeconducted by P. La Violette (Naval Oceans Research and Development Activities, NORDA), the WesternMediterranean Circulation Experiment. The mesoscale instabilities of the Mediterranean circulation induce meanders, gyres and eddies acting on the production potential of living resources. These resources are evidenced here through the cetaceans and other large organisms directly observable in the surface waters of the sea, along the track of the cruise NORDA 706 (May-June 1986), and through the underlying biomasses detected by an echo sounder, 12 kHz fishfinder. Acoustics detection was continuous, set at the same level by day and night for 15 days intenupted only when the ship stopped for hydrological measurements at 87 CTD sampling stations. The pattern of hydrological sampling was designed in order to identify the intermediate water veins in the Algerian Basin. The three sets of field data - daily visual census, continuous echo-sounding and hydrological profiles - were compared and processed in statistical factorial and multiregression analyses. These show that presence of cetaceans coincides with highly concentrated echos; other large organisms observed are distributed at random, without any link with the concentrated echos. It results that cetaceans have the ability to detect acoustically the same biomasses as humans do with a 12 kHz echo-sounder; this is an argument for the "echolocation of the Odontoceta" and "vocalization of the Mysticeta"; up to now, such processes are not accepted by all cetologists. Four examples of echogram are reported here associated with fin whales, sperm whales, pilot whales and dolphins. Dynamical analysis of the Mediterranean circulation before and during the cruise by contemporaneous remote sensing imagery (CZCS and NOAA 9) enables deduction of the dynamic characteristics of the areas where high densities of acoustical detection co-occur with the presence of cetaceans. Such areas are enriched by the intermediate water by a shearing effect against the edge or the bottom of an eddy, i.e. at the contact between two water bodies moving in opposite directions; it can also happen on the edges of two eddies where they become tangential. Thus, four areas of high productivity of living resources (high trophic-chain levels) are evidenced here in the Algerian Basin. One is linked with the frontal process of the Almeria-Oran Front; the three others, not previously described, concern the influx of levantine intermediate water intothe Western Mediterranean Basin.

L'étude du régime alimentaire de C. nigrodigitatus Lacépède (N = 646$) et C. auratus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (N = 253) a été réalisée d'après l'analyse des contenus stomacaux de poissons du lac Nokoué et de la lagune de Porto-Novo (Sud-Bénin) en 1990-1991. L'analyse factorielle de correspondance sur l'occurrence de 16 catégories de proies dans 21 catégories de poissons (suivant l'espèce, la taille des poissons, la saison et l'habitat) met en évidence la répartition des ressources alimentaires entre C. auratus et différentes catégories de tailles de C. nigrodigitatus capturés hors acadjas (enclos en branchages). Les indices d'abondance (Iab) et de volume (Iv) des proies et leur régularité (Rab et Rv) dans le régime alimentaire mettent en évidence la tendance benthophage des deux espèces : C. auratus (6-20 cm Ls) est beaucoup plus généraliste (Rv = 0,842) se nourrissant essentiellement de mollusques et de petits crustacés (branchiopodes, copépodes, ostracodes) par fouille du substrat. C. nigrodigitatus, en revanche, se spécialise avec l'âge et la taille (Rv = 0,826 à 0,597 de 6-10 cm à 6-20 cm Ls) vis-à-vis des décapodes (Iv de 13,4 à 49,4 %) et des poissons (œufs et alevins, Iv de 7,8 à 66,9 %). Les différences saisonnières concernent principalement la période des crues, au cours de laquelle les poissons se nourrissent de larves ou de nymphes d'insectes sur des végétaux de la plaine inondée. Dans les acadjas, les deux espèces partagent les mêmes ressources alimentaires. Cette étude de l'écologie trophique des Chrysichthys du complexe lagunaire du Sud-Bénin, mise en parallèle avec leurs potentialités de croissance, suggère que le régime alimentaire généraliste de C. auratus se situe dans un contexte de ségrégation sélective vis-à-vis de C. nigrodigitatus. La valeur adaptative des deux espèces dans un écosystème modifié et exploité par l'homme est brièvement discutée.

Because of natural complexity, field studies are often inconclusive with regards to the ultimate cause of a given change observed in wild animal populations. As a consequence, there is scope to develop an Experimental Ecology Approach (EEA). In this paper, we favour the use of experimental ecology studies to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on fish biology. We identify the advantages of EEA: disentangling the effects of several factors and identifying their respective roles, generating artificial scenarios and increasing our capability to collect and analyse data. This study emphasises the constraints of this approach: fish biological performances may be altered by rearing conditions, by domestication and by the prevention of some behaviours. It also considers the extrapolation of experimental results with regard to the sea including the realism of experimental design and the constraints of scaling or extending the results to larger scales. We also propose some experimental ecosystems which are well adapted to the requirements of EEA and a careful selection of fish species which fit this approach very well. Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) is identified as a good candidate for experimental studies and we present examples of the contribution of EEA to the description and quantification of the effects of environmental factors in this species. We conclude by highlighting the respective contribution of field studies (describing a situation in the wild and suggesting some possible causes) and EEA (allowing an active investigation of phenomena and identifying their final causes).

The aim of this study was to monitor the reproductive cycle of female Heterobranchus longifilis under tropical pond conditions in order to optimize controlled spawning. Three experimental groups were set up: The first group (I) consisted of adult females transferred from their natural habitat to ponds. The second experimental group (II) consisted of breeders that adapted to husbandry conditions for at least one year. The third set of females (III) was produced under hatchery conditions. Females of the natural population served as controls. Over a one year period blood samples were taken from the individually marked females on a biweekly basis. If ripe eggs were found at the sampling time, females were stripped, the eggs were fertilized and hatched artificially. None of the feral breeders that were transferred to ponds during their natural breeding season could be stripped during that year. The breeding season of both groups II and III started in February. Seasonal changes in egg output showed a maximum between April and July. Egg production of group III was generally higher. The time interval between two strippings of the same female was 6 weeks. Viable eggs were obtained from the adapted feral breeders until August, whereas the breeding season of the hatchery-raised females extended to October. Two thirds of the hatchery-raised females were stripped four or more consecutive times. Throughout the entire season high hatching rates of normal larvae were obtained. Seasonal profiles of the gonadal steroids testosterone and estradiol-17β reflect the annual changes in sexual activity of female Heterobranchus longifilis in tropical pond culture, exhibiting maximum values during the breeding times of each group and being lowest during resting periods.

Dans le bassin du Niger, le début de la gamétogenèse de Brycinus leuciscus paraît synchrone de la remontée du Front inter-tropical à l'origine des variations saisonnières du milieu, mais la croissance ovarienne ne se poursuit qu'en présence des conditions de début de crue. La comparaison du cycle de reproduction de B. leuciscus, sous des conditions naturelles différentes (crue décalée), met en évidence une relation entre l'évolution du rapport gonado-somatique des femelles et les variations de conductivité de l'eau. Il pourrait s'agir d'une coïncidence résultant d'une action directe de la pluie sur la conductivité de l'eau par dilution des sels dissous et indirecte sur les poissons par l'abondance de l'alimentation allochtone qu'elle engendre. Des B. leuciscus capturés mi-mars dans le Niger et mis en élevage dans un aquarium à niveau constant où ils subissent une augmentation artificielle de la conductivité, présentent, au bout de 10 semaines, un développement ovarien en avance d'un mois et demi par rapport à celui des poissons du milieu naturel. Ce résultat expérimental ne démontre pas l'existence d'une relation de cause à effet, mais prouve que l'élévation du niveau d'eau et l'abaissement de la conductivité ne sont pas des conditions indispensables à la maturation ovarienne de B.leuciscus comme c'est le cas chez certaines espèces tropicales (Mormyridae). La croissance ovarienne des poissons tropicaux ne paraît donc pas résulter d'une réaction générale aux mêmes changements environnementaux engendrés par la crue. L'influence d'une augmentation du taux de protéines dans la nourriture devrait aussi être testée.

In this study an attempt was made to develop a suitable diluent based on the characteristics ofgood quality ovarian fluid of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The resulting simulated ovarian fluid (SOF) was compared with Borax-borie acid buffer diluent and adjusted versions thereof. The composition of al1 these diluents are given in this paper. Maximum fertilization success (81.76%) was achieved when ovarian lluid was employed as a sperm diluent. Spermatozoa showed maximum (34 seconds) forward motility after dilution with Borax 3. The use of diluents in artificial fertilization techniques by trout farmers can help them to increase the fertilization success and also facilitates hatchery procedures and broodslock management.