Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) larvae from Léman (= Lake Geneva) and Lake Bourget (France) have been successfully mass reared in tanks of 50-60 l when fed exclusively on dry experimental and commercial diets. In spring water at 10 °C for three initial densities (100-200-400/l) tested, the survival at 35 days fluctuated generally between 30 and 50%. The final number and biomass harvested has been improved by the use of higher water temperature (14 °C) or by stocking with high initial density (200-400/l) at 10 °C. In Lake Leman, temperature appeared to be the key factor controlling the results of coregonid larvae rearing in submerged illuminated net cages (6 m3) stocked with 50 000 yolk sac fry and harvested at the end of spring. The results fluctuated greatly when stocking was too early (middle of February to beginning of March). They were improved by delaying stocking, to the period "mid-Marc - carly April" for yolk sac fry or to "end of March-April" when fry prefed on dry diet were used.

Sessile animals that live on the foreshore undergo tidal cycles, and have to facevariations in physical and chemical parameters such as oxygen concentration. Duringemersion, availability of dissolved oxygen can be lowered for bivalves, which have only asmall reserve of seawater inside their closed shell. Differences in oxygen concentrationare thus expected to lead to modifications of the metabolism, including changes inmitochondrial activity. Previous studies investigated air exposure under extremeconditions, which do not always reflect environmental conditions these invertebrates haveto cope with. In this study, oxidative capacities of gill mitochondria of the oysterCrassostrea gigas were studied during a tidal cycle period, bycomparing oysters collected after emersion and immersion. Only minor differences werefound in state 3 (oxidative phosphorylation) or state 4 (non-phosphorylating oxygenconsumption) rates between the two conditions. Similarly, no difference was observed incytochrome c oxidase activity or in oxygen consumption related to maximalelectron flux through complexes I-IV, II-IV and IV. While capacities of substrateoxidation were maintained in both emersion and immersion conditions, capacity ofmitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was significantly lower in oysterssampled during emersion. These results suggest that although C. gigascould maintain aerobic metabolism during emersion period within a tidal cycle inits environment, energy producing mechanisms are affected.

The white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) is an ecologically and economically important penaeid species, widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. To obtain information on the genetic variation and population structure of F. indicus, sequencing analysis was conducted on a fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of the mitochondrial DNA. Individuals (n = 217) from eight locations covering four main geographic regions along the coastal belt of Sri Lanka were analysed. The sequences, a 602-base pairs (bp) fragment in length, revealed high haplotype and nucleotide diversity that yielded 82 haplotypes. A mismatch analysis produced a unimodal distribution of pairwise differences between haplotypes, consistent with a historic rapid population expansion. Little or no genetic differentiation was observed between most samples, although genetic distances based on pairwise differences between haplotypes started to increase when geographic distances exceeded about 130 km. A population in Bundala (southeast) had lower diversity and was genetically differentiated from the others. This information could be important for the sustainable management and utilization of this resource.

Aneuploidy has been previously reported in wild and cultivated Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and has been shown to be negatively correlated with growth. This is especially important since high variability of growth rate is one of the major problems in the aquacultural production of this species. The existence of a genetic basis for the observed differences in aneuploidy was first investigated through the comparative study of six full-sib families, with mean individual weights ranging from 0.59 to 1.49 g. The slowest growing family was found to have the highest level of aneuploidy. Significant differences in aneuploidy were also found among families when individuals with the same growth rate were sampled. This supports the hypothesis of the existence of a genetic basis for the control of aneuploidy level. Additionally, the possible inheritance of the level of aneuploidy was studied in four full-sib progenies originating from crosses within and between two different populations with contrasting levels of aneuploidy. The limited number of parental oysters (N = 6) in which the scoring of aneuploidy was possible did not allow demonstration of the inheritance of the level of aneuploidy. However, a genetic difference in aneuploidy could be attributed to the origin of the parental populations. As in the first experiment, significant differences in aneuploidy were observed between progenies when sampling individuals of the same weight. Thus, the results of our study of full-sib progenies of C. gigas lend support to the hypothesis of a genetic basis for the level of aneuploidy.

Quantitative analysis of the spatial patterns in age-structured fish populations provides a useful complement to stock assessment methods. The spatial distribution of an age-structured population is characterized by indicators for location, dispersion and aggregation, which are estimated from survey data. The times series of spatial indicators are organised in a 3D data structure with dimensions along indicators, age classes and years. Multi factor analysis (MFA) is applied to quantify the reproducibility in time of the multivariate structure between age classes and indicators. MFA computes the mean annual pattern over the age classes. The deviation around that pattern in each year is also quantified. A multivariate indicator that characterise the spatial pattern over all age classes is developed. Its variation in time is evaluated with quality control methods. The multivariate indicator is shown to be $\chi ^{2}$ distributed and a CUSUM control chart is used to detect any significant changes in time. Software for implementing the method is presented and described. To illustrate this new method, North Sea cod data are analysed, and changes in the spatial patterns of the age-structured population are detected and interpreted.

The Code Activated Transponder (CAT) ingestible fish tag capable of operating at depths of 6 000 m is described. The CAT is acoustically interrogated by a scanning sonar mounted on the AUDOS free-fall camera lander vehicle. The CAT, 12.5 mm diameter and 65 mm long works at ultrasonic frequencies (77 KHz) and can be tracked to a range of 500 m. The AUDOS lander incorporates the new TRATEX (Transponding Acoustic Tracking Experiment) system that logs direction and range of individually tagged fish together with current and compass information. Typical results are shown from a track of 3 Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus (Macrouridae) taken at the Porcupine Seabight in the North Atlantic (49° 35'N-13° 43'W), 3 500 m deep. The mean fish swimming speed was 0.087 m.s−1. Despite their low speed, fish moved independently of the bottom current, either cross-current or against the current, optimising the chance of encountering odour plumes from new food falls.

L'inversion hormonale du sexe chez Oreochromis aureus (génotype mâle ZZ et génotype femelle ZW) avec un œstrogène (1717α-éthynylœstradiol) conduit à l'obtention de pseudofemelles, caractérisées par un genotype mâle (ZZ). Le croisement de ces pseudofemelles avec des mâles (ZZ) donne, en théorie, des populations 100 % mâles. Nous avons déterminé et comparé les principaux paramètres caractéristiques de la reproduction au sein de trois groupes de géniteurs O. aureus. Le premier groupe (groupe 1) est composé de femelles, le second (groupe 2) de pseudofemelles et le troisième (groupe 3) de femelles et de pseudofemelles. La fécondité et le poids des œufs des femelles et des pseudofemelles ne sont pas significativement différents. Dans le groupe 3, le taux de reproduction des pseudofemelles (0,6 pontes) est plus faible que celui des femelles (6,4 pontes). Dans ce groupe 60 % des pseudo-femelles ne se sont jamais reproduites. Dans les groupes 1 et 2, il n'existe pas de différence entre les femelles (6,9 pontes) et les pseudofemelles (4,7 pontes). Le plus faible taux de reproduction des pseudofemelles pourrait résulter de l'expression du génotype sexuel mâle chez ces individus.

The survival of the highly endangered, anadromous fish species North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus) depends on the correct timing of downstream dispersal during its early ontogenetic stages. To date, however, no studies have investigated the ontogenetic differentiation of swimming performance and behaviour, including the potential of habitat complexity to influence dispersal rates. By testing larval and juvenile North Sea houting in a laboratory, we examined (1) swimming performance measured as maximum swimming performance (Umax) and routine swimming speed (Uroutine) and (2) the potential of habitat complexity (i.e., cover providing shade) to influence dispersal behaviour in an indoor stream channel. The Umax and the Uroutine were 9.4 and 4.6cm s-1, respectively, in the larvae [body length (BL) s-1: 7.3 and 3.5, respectively], and 25.2 and 16.3 cm s-1 in the juveniles (BL s-1: 7.0 and 5.2, respectively). We compared laboratory swimming performance data with water speeds in North Sea houting spawning areas in the Danish River Vidaa. Results showed that the water speeds present in 95% and 85% of the water column caused downstream displacement of larvae and juveniles, respectively. However, areas with slow-flowing water near river banks and river beds could function as nursery habitats. Stream channel experiments showed that cover providing shade caused delayed dispersal in both larvae and juveniles, but the larvae dispersed later and spent less time under cover than the juveniles, a finding that implies ontogenetic effects. Finally, the larvae refused to cross an upstream-positioned cover, a behaviour that was not observed in the juveniles. Therefore, habitat complexity may have the potential to influence dispersal behaviour in both larval and juvenile North Sea houting. Overall, we provided the first evidence of ontogenetic differentiation in the North Sea houting. These findings will be valuable for the development and dissemination of science-based conservation strategies.

In order to assess the latitudinal variability in growth of the eastern Atlantic skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), conventional tagging data collected by the International Commission of the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) since the 1960s are reanalyzed using a modified version of the von Bertalanffy-Fabens growth model. An analysis of the latitudinal patterns of recaptures showed that the lowest mixing rate between northern and southern regions was evidenced at 10° N Latitude. Since it is theoretically admitted that growth parameters L∞ and K are negatively correlated, we substituted L∞ into the growth equation model by a simple bioenergetic function of K fitted from existing studies on skipjack growth parameters. The likelihood for the meta-analysis of growth is combined with the likelihoods from the two regional tagging data with the aim of estimating simultaneously K in both areas and to transfer adequately uncertainties associated with the different data sets. From this study, it was showed that fish inhabiting waters south of 10° N latitude can be expected to grow generally larger but at slower rate than in the North (L∞ = 112.34 cm vs. 89.38 cm, and K = 0.14 vs. 0.38, respectively). Our results are consistent with the range of growth estimates obtained in the Atlantic Ocean and in different parts of the World's oceans. In contrast, the estimates of L∞ and K done in the Senegalese region in the 1980s within the framework of the Skipjack Year Program, and traditionally applied by ICCAT, are not supported by the present study. The findings concerning the phenotypic plasticity exhibited by growth of skipjack among latitudinal regions suggest potential differences in fish population productivity and consequently imply that non-conventional stock assessment methods such as catch-at size/growth transition matrix per region could be used to assess the responses of skipjack to exploitation.

The purpose of this study was to adapt the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) assay to the microplate technique. In addition to showing the practical advantages related to the intrinsic properties of such systems, we wished to demonstrate their potential value for biological monitoring of contamination in natural environments. A simpliffed procedure was developed for the preparation and fluorimetric assay of EROD activity using only basic laboratory equipment. The use of plate readers allows measurements to be done rapidly and provides numerous advantages in comparison with traditional methods. Within the context of our study; this test could be substituted to advantage for the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The necessity to move from a traditional fishery management to an ecosystem approach is now acknowledged. Indicators are required to support the development of this approach. For example, community indicators have been proposed to assess the impact of fishing. We tested here the applicability of one such community indicator, the abundance-biomass comparison (ABC method), as a measure of the impact of bottom trawling (years of sampling: 2001 and 2003) on the benthic invertebrates – typically starfishes, crabs, squat lobsters, shrimps and large hard-shelled molluscs- of “Grande Vasière”, a major French fishing zone, in the Bay of Biscay. The ABC method is generally used as an impact indicator for different types of physical, biological and anthropogenic disturbances on benthic communities. This method is based on the assumption that increasing disturbance shifts communities from dominance by large-bodied species with low turnover rates toward dominance by small-bodied species with high turnover rates. At less disturbed areas the average biomass of individuals is greater than at more heavily disturbed areas. The ABC method measures this effect by comparing the ranked distributions of abundance and biomass within a given community. We applied the ABC method and compared the size structure and the species diversity at two areas exposed to moderate and high bottom trawl effort. Species diversity was lower in the most exploited area. The highly trawled area was dominated by opportunistic organisms, mainly one species of swimming crab Liocarcinus depurator, one species of squat lobster Munida rugosa and Norway lobsters Nephrops norvegicus, which are large-bodied species. Consequently, the results of the ABC method were inconsistent with the theoretical expectation for these particular macrofaunal communities and the measured levels of fishing intensity. 


The dynamics of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin were studied through an 11-month feeding experiment by following carotenoid deposition in male and female rainbow trout muscle, during and after spawning. Carotenoids were analysed by chromatography (HPLC), muscle colour was measured by a colourimeter and visual rank evaluation. In both sexes, a decrease in the muscle carotenoid content was observed at spawning time. The recovery of the muscle pigmentation differed between females and males, but seemed not to be influenced by the type of carotenoid additives in feed. The carotenoid content of the female muscle increased rapidly after spawing, while in the male this increase was slower. Eighteen weeks after spawing, carotenoid concentrations in the muscle of females corresponded to those before spawning, while in males they reached only one third of that amount. Significant correlations were found between chemical analysis, colourimetric measurements and visual rank evaluation.

La gestion halieutique des lacs exige une estimation réaliste du potentiel exploitable. Aussi, est-il pertinent d'utiliser des relations empiriques développées sur des systèmes semblables et liant des facteurs abiotiques aux rendements de poisson ? L'utilisation des données abiotiques de 65 lacs africains montre que les ajustements avec les modèles antérieurs faisant intervenir l'indice morpho-édaphique et les rendements (relation non significative), la surface totale et les captures totales (R2 = 0,76) ou l'effort de pêche et les rendements (relation non significative) sont peu précis et insuffisamment fiables pour prédire les captures potentielles. Les relations faisant intervenir les rendements et l'altitude ou la latitude des lacs ne sont pas significatives. Celles qui impliquent la profondeur moyenne, la surface ou le volume le sont mais n'expliquent qu'un faible pourcentage de la variance (respectivement 13,11 et 17 %). L'indice morpho-édaphique reste le paramètre explicatif le moins mauvais (r2 = 0,42) lorsque l'effort de pêche est supérieur à 2 pêcheurs par km2. Ces mauvais résultats semblent largement dus à la qualité médiocre des données disponibles. Il paraît donc important de remédier à cette situation en favorisant la mise en place sur de nombreux lacs africains d'observatoires des pêches impliquant des méthodes de collectes homogènes et assurant des résultats fiables.

The biology, ecology, and dynamics of the deep-sea teleost black scabbardfish in thenortheast Atlantic are reviewed. The black scabbardfish is a commercial bathypelagicspecies found in the NE Atlantic mostly from Iceland to the Canary Islands and WesternSahara, at depths from 800 to 1300 m. The spatial structure of its population is stilluncertain, although the existence of one single stock that migrates around the NE Atlanticdriven by feeding and reproduction is the most likely hypothesis consistent with availabledata. This review is based on data from commercial fisheries off the Faroe Islands, HattonBank, the west of the British Isles, and Portugal (mainland, Azores, and Madeira) and fromIcelandic and Scottish scientific surveys collected between 1988 and 2012. Spawning ofblack scabbardfish occurs around Madeira and the Canary Archipelagos during the lastquarter of the year. According to the migratory hypothesis, eggs, larvae, and possiblyjuveniles move north to areas from south of Icelandic and Faroe Islands to the west of theBritish Isles where they remain for some years to feed and grow. Then, they move south tothe area off mainland Portugal, where they reach the size of first maturity but do notreproduce, and later move further south to the spawning grounds. Further studies areneeded to understand which of the environmental conditions prevailing around Madeira andthe Canaries, but not elsewhere, allow this species to mature and subsequently reproduce.This review suggests that a multidisciplinary approach is required to confirm thespatiotemporal migration and habitats used by black scabbardfish populations in the NEAtlantic at different life stages. Otolith contour shape and microchemistry, fatty acids,carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, as well as steroid hormones are proposed as promisingalternative tools for responding to this challenge.

Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Heterobranchus longifilis are two commercially important African catfish species that have been studied for their reproduction and breeding possibilities in the lagoon waters of Ivory Coast. C. nigrodigitatus is characterized by an annual reproductive cycle with a vitellogenesis period from March to June. The reproductive season coincides with the short rainy season which is characterized by lower water temperature and salinity at the beginning (September) and by a progressive rise of these parameters at the end of the season (November). The previtellogenic oocytes enter vitellogenesis at an average diameter of 320 μm. This initial oocyte stock is reconstituted progressively as soon as the spawning is achieved and lasts for a period of approximately 3 months. Fully vitellogenic oocytes reach an average diameter of 2.4–2.8 mm by the end of June. The maturation is possible only if a male and a female are confined in artificial spawning receptacles. Maturation and spawning generally occur within the following 3 to 5 weeks for 30 to 80% of the females. When the non-spawning females are kept in the nests they maintain fully vitellogenic oocytes for 3 months with a continuous atresia of the larger oocytes, while the ovaries of the non- spawning females, placed out of the receptacles, exhibit a complete atresia of all the vitellogenic oocytes. After an HCG-induced ovulation, a new reproductive cycle of H. longifilis can be achieved in less than a month. The previtellogenic oocytes enter vitellogenesis at an oocyte diameter of about 380 μm and become fully vitellogenic after 15 days (1.2–1.6 mm in diameter). If maturation is not artificially stimulated the females remain at the same stage of vitellogenesis while larger oocytes undergo atresia and are continuously replaced by growing vitellogenic oocytes.

The study of abundance of small-bodied species of fish such as minnow is important because these species play an important role in the food-web dynamics of small streams. In this work, we propose the use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to the modelling and prediction of abundance in minnow Phoxinus phoxinus using 10 environmental microhabitat variables: distance from the bank, percentage of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, mud, marl, cover respectively, depth and velocity. A total of 372 points were randomly chosen from a total of 465 electrofished point samples to establish a ANN model. A validation holdout of the training of the ANN was undertaken with testing on 93 other sampling points. On the test set, the prediction performance was 92%. Our study showed the advantages of the back-propagation procedure of the neural network in the field of stochastic approaches to ecology of coarse fishes. The limitations of the neural network approaches as well as statistical and ecological perspectives are discussed.

Two independent surveys showed that aquatic insects can generate echoes comparable with the echoes of small fish. In the open water of two fishless mountain acidic waters of the Czech Republic, a very distinct population of well-defined single targets resembling fish (target strength –66 to –50 dB at 120 kHz) was discovered. These targets were found in the depth range of 5–7 m during the day (June–July 1997). At night, most targets were recorded by horizontal beaming (depth < 3 m). Towing of ichthyoplankton nets in these horizons revealed the presence of ‘water bugs’, Corixidae (Hemiptera), mostly genus Glaenocorisa. Target strengths of corixids was also verified by direct observations in an experimental tank, where it was possible to track side, dorsal and ventral aspects. In three Dutch reservoirs, Petrusplaat, Honderd-en-Dertig and De Gijster (area 100–300 ha, maximum depth 15–28 m, with fish presence) the targets of ascending dipteran pupae (Chironomidae, Procladius signatus) with target strength of –74 to –65 dB were observed by vertical beaming. The presence of pupae was verified by horizontally towed ichthyoplankton nets and by vertical plankton hauls inside the echosounder beam. The contribution of aquatic insects to the fish biomass was small but they can interfere in juvenile fish assessment.

The effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on survival, growth and fatty acid composition of first-feeding carp larvae were investigated in two 21-day feeding trials. In trial 1, one diet CO was supplemented with 10% coconut oil, two diets, M1 and M2 with 1.7 or 4.2% interesterified medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT), and two other diets T1 and T2 with 1% tricaprylin and 0.7% tricaprin, or 2.5% tricaprylin and 1.7% tricaprin. The five diets were made isolipidic (18% of dry diet) with triolein and compared to a control diet without MCFA. With a low dietary level (1% of dry diet) of caprylic acid (C8:0), final survival and mean weight of larvae fed CO, M1 and T1 were not significantly different from those of control (68 ± 6% and 62 ± 8 mg, respectively). In contrast, with a high dietary C8:0 level (2.5% of dry diet), final survival and mean weight of larvae fed M2 and T2 were markedly decreased (23 ± 2% and 40 ± 8 mg, respectively), without effect of the form of supply. In trial 2, larvae were fed six diets with graded tricaprylin contents (from 0 to 10% in diet). Survival was not significantly affected but growth was decreased by C8:0 levels higher than 2% of dry diet. Fatty acid composition of larval total lipids revealed high levels of lauric and myristic acids in larvae fed coconut oil. Deposition of C8:0 and capric acid (C10:0) was low after MCT feeding, but depended of the form of supply, being higher with pure than with interesterified MCT. Relatively high amounts of C8:0 and C10:0 were recorded in total lipids of larvae fed 10% tricaprylin. It is concluded that high levels of caprylic acid decrease growth but that low levels are well utilised by carp larvae, irrespective of the form of supply.

Japanese cupped oysters suffer summer mortality in many culture sites along the French Atlantic coast. To ascertain whether mortality might be associated with morphological features of the shells, we estimated fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of hatchery/nursery-produced oysters kept in culture bags in the intertidal. FA is defined as random variations from a perfect symmetry plane (bilateral or radial) in some morphological trait. FA increases with disruption of homeostasy during ontogeny and has both genetic and environmental determinants. We found significant differences in FA between dead and live oysters in two of our three study groups. Therefore, lack of developmental stability may be involved in the summer mortality syndrome of oysters. We also found indirect evidence that once acquired, FA patterns of shells are retained at least partially. Since FA likely appears early during ontogeny and is recorded in the shells, we hypothesise that it might be useful for forecasting the ability of spat to resist environmental stress.

We investigated the global relationship between diet and morphology for 42 fish species from a medium-sized river in French Guiana and checked the influence of the species taxonomic proximity on the implication of individual morphological traits in that relation. The 42 species were classified in eight trophic guilds based on analysis of more than 4000 stomach contents. Taxonomic proximity between species was accounted for by an autoregressive model applied to original data of diet and morphology. Original and taxonomic-free data were then submitted to a Canonical Correspondence Analysis in order to detect the relationship between diet and morphology. We compared the results obtained by analyzing the original data and the corrected data. The results confirm the existence of a significant global relationship between diet and morphology. However, morphological traits responsible for that relation were different when considering the taxonomic-free data. Particularly the well known relationship between gut length and detritivory was not observed on the taxonomic free analysis. It is concluded that controlling for phylogeny is essential to the detection of relationships between diet and morphology. It is also concluded that, despite the robustness of some relationships between morphology and diet, many diets cannot be inferred by a ecomorphological approach.