Is queerness coeval with American-ness, or with the American version of neoliberalism? The writers explored in this chapter, many of whom have close ties to countries other than the United States, are all preoccupied with these questions. Some, such as Tomasz Jedrowski and Garth Greenwell, implicitly accept queer identity as an American export. Others, including Chinelo Okparanta and Zeyn Joukhadar, fight to carve out small, temporary spaces of resistance to queerness’s entanglements with a certain brand of Western-ness. Others still, such as Shyam Selvadurai and Akwaeke Emezi, create interstitial queer identities that draw on non-Western understandings of selfhood and set them in conversation with mainstream Western queer culture. Focusing on the novel, this chapter engages with writers who identify as gay, lesbian, genderqueer, and trans/ogbanje, hailing from Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Germany/Poland, and Syria as well as the United States; while most of them are Anglophone, it also considers some examples of non-Anglophone representations of Western notions of queerness, such as Qiu Miaojin’s Notes of a Crocodile.

The plane- and hyperbolically symmetric counterparts of the L–T models (i.e. the Ellis solutions), and generalisations of all three classes to charged dust source are derived and discussed. It is shown that the most natural interpretation of the plane-symmetric Ellis metric is an expanding or contracting family of 2-dimensional flat tori. The proof of the Ori theorem that for a spherically symmetric weakly charged dust ball shell crossings will block the bounce through the minimal radius is copied in detail. A subcase left out by Ori is discussed, but it will also lead to a shell crossing, only at the other side of the minimal radius. In this special case, a peculiar direction-dependent singularity is present: at the centre the matter density becomes negative for a short period before and after the bounce. The Datt–Ruban solution, its generalisation to charged dust source and the matching of both these solutions to, respectively, the Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordstr\“{o}m solutions are presented and discussed. In the matched configuration the DR region stays inside the Schwarzschild or RN event horizon.

This chapter describes the topography and monuments of Antioch as known through the textual sources and archaeological investigations. The earthquakes that shattered the city on various occasions are also foregrounded.

This chapter introduces exceptions to copyright. The chapter continues to evaluate the extent to which copyright is a property right (the ’conceptual question’)

Chapter 11 compares the policy orientation of the EU’s new economic governance (NEG) prescriptions in two policy areas (employment relations, public services), three sectors (transport, water, healthcare), four countries (Germany, Italy, Ireland, Romania) from 2009 to 2019. It reveals that almost all qualitative prescriptions pointed in a commodifying direction. Most quantitative prescriptions tasked governments to curtail wages and public expenditures too, but, over time, they not only became less coercive but also increasingly pointed in a decommodifying direction, tasking governments to invest more. It would, however, still be wrong to speak of a socialisation of NEG, not just given the decommodifying prescriptions’ weak coercive power but also because of their links to policy rationales that are compatible with NEG’s overarching commodification script. Moreover, Chapter 11 shows that NEG prescriptions tasked governments to channel more public resources into the allegedly more productive sectors (transport and water services) rather than into essential social services like healthcare. Given NEG’s country-specific methodology, it is not surprising that there have been only few instances of transnational action on specific NEG prescriptions. By contrast, the share of transnational labour protests targeting EU interventions broadly defined increased after 2008. This suggests that NEG has been altering protest landscapes.

Chapter 7 distills from the empirical studies their implications for emoji theories overall and for their applicability to the educational and healthcare realms. The studies have borne a number of concrete implications for emoji theory in general, including how they fit in with communication theories, including nonverbal aspects. Several theoretical notions are developed as well, generalizing them from previous chapters, including the apparent function of emoji as “annotators” of meaning, not just conveyors of prosodic or gestural features in writing. Another notion is that of episodic meaning, whereby the placement of an emoji in the episodes that constitute a message adds to it semiotically. Emoji grammar is thus more appropriately characterized as an episodic grammar.

Antioch’s circuses and theaters are well known; however, how they gradually became locus to faction rivalries and hotbeds for civic strife is brought into focus by this chapter.

It is shown how the assumption of symmetry implies the Killing equations (more generally, invariance equations of arbitrary tensors are derived and discussed). It is also shown how to find the symmetry transformations of a manifold given the Killing vectors. The Lie derivative is introduced, and it is shown that the algebra of a symmetry group always has a finite dimension, not larger than n(n+1)/2, where nis the dimension of the manifold. Conformal symmetries are defined and it is shown that the algebra of the conformal symmetry group has dimension not larger than (n+1)(n+2)/2. The metric of a spherically symmetric 4-dimensional manifold is derived from the Killing equations, and its general properties are discussed. Explicit formulae for the conformal symmetries of a flat space of arbitrary dimension are given.

This chapter considers how and in what contexts the reasonable person standard was applied by the selected colonial courts of the British Empire. The key question is whether the reasonable person imported from England remained English in substance – whether it continued to resemble a man on the Clapham omnibus – or the courts tailored the standard to the specific circumstances before them. As the first section shows, there are many cases in which the reasonable person was equated with an Englishman. This suggests that the standard was static in nature. However, the second section of the chapter complicates this conclusion by introducing numerous cases and settings in which the standard was adapted to specific, local contexts – sometimes so successfully that local variants of it developed. Drawing together the first two sections, the final part considers the nexus between a standard’s resemblance to the people to whom it is applied and the authority of law.

Over the past two decades, we have seen a significant shift in the norms literature away from the idea that a norm reflects a fixed and universally accepted shared understanding to notions that any norm – even those which appear to be widely institutionalised in international organisations of global governance – remains subject to contestation and interpretation at multiple sites in world politics. In this chapter, we take up the challenge of studying these diverse types of norms and their meaning, use, and role in practice. We begin by returning to the three moves laid out in the introduction and use as a vignette the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 in Belarus in May 2021 to explore how each of these three moves can explain these events. We then draw out three sets of conclusions from the book, focusing on the process of contestation. We end by noting that the distinct approaches to norm research developed over the past thirty years do speak to one another in meaningful and innovative ways. By focusing on contestation in a holistic way, we can not only understand norms in a unique way but also how they constitute the world.

Chapter 14 concludes the book, highlighting its major theoretical and practical insights for the study of EU integration and for the prospects of democracy in Europe. The technocratic design of the EU’s new economic governance (NEG) regime eschewed citizens’ and workers’ political rights to have a say in policymaking; and the commodifying bent of its prescriptions eroded their social rights to be protected from the vagaries of the market. After the pandemic, the technocratic bent in EU economic governance endured, as the National Recovery and Resilience Plans were co-designed by national and EU executives without any meaningful input from unions and social movements, and without national parliaments and the European Parliament making any amendments. The commodifying direction of the NEG regime also endured post-Covid, albeit with some concessions, notably in employment relations. EU executives have had to face the prospect that the hollowing out of social rights that resulted from commodification is pushing electorates towards Eurosceptic parties. In the current unstable context, labour politics matters a lot. Unions and social movements are essential in framing the social and political struggles about the policy direction of EU economic governance along a commodification–decommodification axis rather than a national–EU politics axis.

One of the important choices historians must make is to decide the time frame to apply to the event they are interpreting. They can narrow the lens through which they approach the subject and study factors in the immediate realm of the particular event. The advantage of a narrow focus or microhistory is that it allows the exploration of the event in great depth. One historian, for example, wrote on how the Chinese Revolution affected a village of a few hundred families. “By getting in very close, tightening your focus to a single person or tiny corner of the world, you can operate on a level, the nitty-gritty of social history, invisible to historians who work on a more general register.” Historians can widen the lens to see history in a broader time perspective. Choice of a broader time frame can shed light on larger historical developments conducive to explaining the event. It may demonstrate that the event being studied was shaped and influenced by longer-term processes than were first perceived.

This chapter concludes the book by considering whether IP law is responsive to reason, or whether IP law is increasingly informed by other values, such as faith.