Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) was first described by and later named after Greek epileptologist Chrysostomos Panayiotopoulos in the late 1980s. A common benign childhood epilepsy, PS is estimated to make up 13% of all cases of epilepsy in children aged 3–6 years, though it can be seen also during teenage years. It is also known as early-onset childhood occipital epilepsy as opposed to the late-onset childhood occipital epilepsy known as Gastaut syndrome. They are all subtypes of benign focal epilepsies of childhood.

A natural generalization of the (asymmetric) traveling salesman problem arises when we are given a start vertex s and an end vertex t and ask for a tour that begins in s and ends in t, rather than a round trip.

While this problem seems to be harder, we will see in this chapter that it can be tackled by similar techniques. In particular, we show black-box reductions (by Feige and Singh, and by Köhne, Traub, and Vygen) to Asymmetric TSP and prove, as new results, the best-known approximation ratios and bounds on the integrality ratio of the natural LP relaxation.

Monoecious evergreen trees of podocarp-like foliar habit. The leaves are more freely spaced, more perpendicularly inserted and more irregularly spreading than in Pectinopitys, often spreading and semi-drooping all around most major shoots and hence scarcely ranked. The leaves are large in contrast to both Prumnopitys and Pectinopitys. The long, narrow leaves, often with somewhat descending tips, are a particularly distinctive feature of Sundacarpus.

Deciduous coniferous trees of very variable size, c.10–45 m or more in height, typically with straight trunks and narrow conical or billowing, rather sparse and open crowns, in exposed situations. At least the uppermost branch systems plus often the upper tree-crown typically adopt a conspicuously asymmetric and usually downwind-trained crown habit.

In today’s complex world, we know as educators that learning is most meaningful when established through experience – learning by doing rather than by simply listening or observing. Our learners need to be supported in nurturing their creativity, developing as critical thinkers and flexible problem solvers, to apply skills and understanding in new domains and different situations creating solutions to problems encountered. Education and life should not be isolated from each other. By providing opportunities for learners to engage and learn through authentic, real-life, relevant experiences, we are scaffolding their application of skills to learning including adapting and changing their ideas and forming habits of lifelong learners. This chapter provides educators with a guide for embedding cross-curricular exploratory learning experiences as an integral part of planning, teaching and assessment responsive to all learners; and inclusive of the theoretical foundations and instructional strategies that inform their approaches. Authentic studies will be utilised, and practical tools outlined, to demonstrate how to bring these concepts to life within a constructivist framework.

Also called psychogenic seizures, nonepileptic seizures or pseudoseizures, functional seizures, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are characterized by episodes of seizure-like activity without true epileptiform activity detected on EEG. The pathophysiology of these episodes is poorly understood, though an active area of research. There is a higher prevalence of PNES in women as well as in those with a history of psychological, physical, or sexual trauma or abuse.

Ever since the first exoplanets were discovered over 30 years ago, their detection has proceeded at a remarkable pace. This chapter describes the techniques for identifying these worlds, as well as characterising their atmospheres and surfaces to seek out possible signs of life. The most common methods for detecting exoplanets are reviewed: radial velocity measurements, transits, gravitational microlensing, astrometry, and direct imaging. This is followed by summarising avenues for characterising exoplanets through performing spectroscopy of three sources of radiation linked to them: (1) transmitted light passing through an exoplanetary atmosphere and reaching us; (2) thermal emission associated with the blackbody radiation of the planet; and (3) starlight reflected from that world. The chapter concludes by commenting on the bright future of exoplanetary science and future telescopes devoted to this area.

Moderate to large-sized, slow-growing trees, with cord-like decussate uniformly scale-leaf form, borne on slender branches and especially numerous branchlets, forming slender pale bright apple-green cord-like shoots adopting a tassel-like and generally cascading form of overall foliar growth.

Jesus of Nazareth, deeply rooted in Second Temple Judaism, lived and taught within its religious and cultural traditions. He observed Jewish customs like the Sabbath and dietary laws, while offering fresh interpretations in light of the kingdom of God. His teachings, often in dialogue with different Jewish sects, emphasized a relational approach to Torah, prioritizing love and ethical conduct over ritual precision. Jesus saw himself as a messenger for this inaugurated kingdom, foregrounding his own and his followers’ relationship to God as a compassionate Father.

This an assessment of the main themes and arguments of the book. Looking back at Brexit, what is most striking is the subsequent economic decline of the UK – a consequence of Leave demagogues diverting voters’ attention from economic risks. Brexit’s populism was a manifestation of the Europe-wide rise of identitarian politics, the normalisation of national populism and the drift toward authoritarianism. These trends went with viewing the world as a collection separate sovereign nation states. A national population was imagined as a homogeneous mass, potentially embodied in a single sovereign leader. Seeing nations as separated entities brings a focus on foreign others, exemplified in the Brexiters’ fixation on immigration into the UK. Demagoguery, bound up with ‘post-truth’ culture, is used as an explanatory concept throughout this book, but requires redefinition in the age of mass media, data collection and psychological profiling. The most important conclusion is that Brexitspeak, Brexit policies and Brexit attitudes in government constitute threats to representative democracy, foreshadowed in the referendum process and actions by post-Brexit governments.

In the face of its international reputation for intransigence and foot-dragging on climate warming policy, combined with its deserved reputation for profligate fossil fuel consumption, the USA has actually reduced its greenhouse gas emissions since 1990. Continued compounded muddling, consisting of stricter national administrative regulation of energy efficiency and pollution control, new state and local government initiatives, further non-governmental governance developments and market-driven economic responses are together likely to support extending the current trends of reduced energy intensity and reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the next few decades, perhaps even to accelerate it. But a U.S. commitment to doing the right thing – whether conceived as doing what it would take to achieve the level of zero net emissions by 2050, or to accomplish the even more draconian reductions needed to soon halt global temperature rise – is unlikely in the absence of something that causes coalescence of a new normative political landscape.

This chapter introduces how the study of the Merovingian kingdoms has developed since the sixteenth century. Merovingian history is not easily or self-evidently presented in the source material; it has had to be recovered and reconstructed. The historiographical survey is therefore important to understanding how writers and scholars have put that history together. It highlights some of the key political, confessional, theoretical, and methodological issues that have shaped how the period is interpreted, from the Magdeburg Centuriators of the Reformation to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica’s self-consciously ‘scientific’ approach to editing sources.

The final chapter provides an examination of how the Merovingian world was shaped by opposition to paganism, heresy, Judaism, and, at the end, the new Islamic world of the Arab caliphate. The Franks (or at least some of them) had started as pagans themselves in the fifth century, and stories of conversion created important reminders of the journeys to salvation. Whether ‘real paganism’ is easily identifiable in stories or grave goods we may doubt. Similarly, the presence of heresy or Judaism can seem ambiguous when the sources are interrogated. But the creation of Frankish Christianity relied on its contrasts and those fed to it by the Byzantine Empire. Through Merovingian accounts of religious conflict we can discern how the Frankish kingdoms saw their place in the wider world.