The unanticipated product of a survey involving 190 non-professional readers, this first-report paper looks at the way memories from different source media overlap, along with the potential consequences of this phenomenon for existing approaches to reader behaviour.

The paper begins with a focus on how everyday readers articulate their recollection of literary works, in particular those moments they found most memorable. We identify a common situation in which participants ‘mix up’ recollections of a book's content with memories of their respective film or TV adaptations. We offer the term spontaneous transmedia co-location to describe this form of effortless recall involving memories of literary texts which spontaneously trigger memories of other, visual media. We outline five preliminary modes of spontaneous transmedia co-location (STC) and explain what they consist of.

Finally, we elaborate how STC ties into wider theories of how readers and other consumers interact with media, and how they tend to remember and otherwise connect them in a transmedia space.

The Madayi clay deposit consists of a thick sequence of residual white kaolinitic clay underlying the sedimentary Warkallai Formation, which includes gray carbonaceous kaolinitic clays, lignite, ferruginous kaolinitic clays, laterite and bauxite with ferricretes. The conditions of clay genesis and the economic significance of the major residual kaolin seam have been investigated. The raw clay and <2 μm fractions were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The firing behavior of the <45 μm fraction of the major residual clay sequence (L), was investigated systematically to determine the potential industrial use of this kaolin.

Geochemical and morphological studies of different strata indicate the following conditions for clay formation. (1) intense lateritized weathering conditions for kaolinization of the residual white clay from parent quartzo-felspathic mica-gneiss. (2) reducing environment for the gray carbonaceous layers; an. (3) oxidizing environment for the uppermost hematite-rich ferruginous clay. Pyrite/marcasite enriched detrital gray carbonaceous clay shows two distinct environments for in situ kaolinite crystallization. (1) within plant fossils influenced by the high organic content and FeS2 leaching; and (2) precipitation from solution.

Incomplete kaolinization of white residual clay is evident from the presence of pyrophyllite, muscovite with lenticular cleavage void and a lower percentage of fines (<2 μm). The plant fossils from the uppermost portion of residual clay show pyrite mineralization. The Hinckley Index, FTIR and rare earth analysis point towards diverse geochemical environments of deposition and technological evaluation indicates its suitability for application in the ceramics industry.

Antao Gonçalves, a Portuguese explorer, began the slave trade in 1445 with the first purchase of slaves on the African coast: “nine Blacks and some gold powder in exchange for European merchandises.” Portuguese sailors continued this trade until the end of the fifteenth century. The slaves, black for the most part, were brought to Portugal or sold in the markets of Lagos, which were crowded with buyers seeking colored servants. These slaves also served in the development of the Atlantic Isles (Sao Tome, and the Cape Verde Islands) where their knowledge of agriculture and their endurance for labor were of great value. As we know, the conquistador's enslavement of indigenous people to develop the New World followed soon after its discovery, but the Indians, a fragile workforce, could not take the hard labor of the mines and fields. The obvious solution was to replace them with black slaves. Thus began the triangular trade at the start of the sixteenth century. For the next four centuries this commerce would continue to grow. It would become the largest trafficking of slaves that humanity has ever known, as well as the dominant feature in dealings between Europe and Africa south of the Sahara. The frequency and density of the human cargoes extracted from Africa would intensify until the trade's peak in the last third of the eighteenth century. Although relatively short (1800-1880), the period of underground trade that followed nonetheless inflicted a particularly significant drain on an already anemic continent.

In the copper deposit of Salobo 3A (Brazil), nontronite-like clay samples were found at the bottom of the weathering blanket. Samples were fractionated first by sedimentation and then by a HGMS method. From XRD data, it was found that the samples are essentially smectite with kaolinite in very small quantities. The average structural formula of the smectite, presented in the traditional manner, is:

Chemical analyses show that the smectite samples contain a population of clay particles whose chemistry ranges between a nontronite end-member and an Al-Mg beidellite end-member.

Spectroscopic studies by FTIR, Mössbauer, and ESR show that the three major octahedral cations (Al, Fe, Mg) are present in each octahedral sheet of the smectite, forming a solid solution, and that the chemical trends of the smectite clay detected at a “macroscopic” scale (associated clay particles) can also be observed at the unit cell scale.

‘External memories’ raise a question about context: ‘external to what?’ External memory is a technical term applied to everything that can be memorized in an individual's environment. As a general rule I have decided to retain the technical terms that characterize the area of the topic under discussion. It was Ted Nelson who coined the word hypertext in 1967 to signify non-sequential writing as well as a computer technology that allowed the user to move about freely by means of software links. I shall use the term software to mean computer programs. Electronic publishing started with the Xanadu system developed by Nelson. At the lowest level a hypertext is a system for managing databases that allows the user to connect together information screens using links. It is a collection of texts interconnected by means of interactive switches. This dynamic presentation of non-linear texts could not be printed on a conventional page. Hypertext allows the origin of a piece of information to be traced. In this article traceability is synonymous with explanation: ‘Why was this equipment designed in one way rather than another?’ It is about discovering the route of the design process that led to the eventual idea for the equipment. The necessary explanations are often required long after decisions were made, and this is why traceability is a matter of memory. The term agent is often used to mean those members of a community that act on its behalf. There are agents for a company or public department. There are biological agents. In a non-technological world traceability is ideally carried out by human agents who explain to other human agents. The term agent has been extended into the computer world to mean software to which the user delegates, sometimes unwittingly, tasks of varying complexity. These are then called software agents. In this article I refer to agent in its wider meaning, to be understood as an actor or an entity able to act in a limited context and having a quite specific role and appropriate resources.

Ferruginous beidellites with Al:Fe atomic ratios up to 2.36 were obtained when solutions containing Al, Fe2+ and H4SiO4 were adjusted to pH 8.5 with Ca(OH)2 and incubated at 95 °C in the presence of CaCO3 as a pH buffer. Incubation took place under cyclic reducing and oxidizing conditions achieved by adding 2 mM hydrazine at 14–15-d intervals over a period of 10–13 weeks. During the 14–15-d cycle, atmospheric oxygen slowly diffused through the high-density polyethylene bottles used, causing a slow oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). The infrared (IR) spectra of the products approached that of natural beidellite, but indicated little change in octahedral Al:Fe ratio in the products for starting Al:Fe ratios from 2.5 up to 3.5, which was the highest Al:Fe ratio at which a well-crystallized product was obtained. Chemical analysis showed the presence of more Al+Fe in the products than could be incorporated into a dioctahedral formula. After the excess was assigned to a hydroxy-aluminium interlayer, the formula of the most Al-rich beidellite was calculated to be 0.575Ca(Si6.85A1.15)(Al2.47Fe1.53)O20(OH)4. This composition lay within the range recorded for the ferruginous beidellites that form in Vertisols.

The problem with utopia is that it lends itself to a form of idolatry which creates a confusion between the order of values sought and the historical event. In trying at all costs to become reality in the here and now, the dream turns into a nightmare. The confusion is threefold: confusion between the utopian objective aimed at but not yet realized and the end situation resulting from an action; confusion between the imaginary representation of an order of values and a particular social situation; and finally confusion between the rule of conduct and a mandate to bring about the ideal society no matter what the odds. So utopia, transformed into an ideology, leads to a frightening mode of thought: justification of absolute power in pursuit of the supreme good.

What is palabre? Not only an exchange of words, but also a social drama, a procedure, and set of human interactions. Palabre is therefore a putting into scene, a putting into order, and a putting into words

Socrates’ exact words are unknown. Nor do we know precisely what the Buddha said. All we have, in both cases, are statements attributed to them. Our ignorance of their own words is irremediable. This is not the only trait that these two contemporaries share. The statements ascribed to them are similar in many ways, particularly the therapeutic concern that motivates them. Both the Athenian and Prince Gautama strive to cure the ravages of ignorance, to treat the ills ignorance engenders and eliminate its source. This common aim produces comparable results, such as the use of dialogue to remove illusory questions rather than the teaching of a doctrine.

If we investigate the concept of the universality of human rights, we realize that it is limited and invalid, and that it fails because it is too utopian and unreal. It is not a question of denying that there is a generic human essence, or criticizing human rights from a moral standpoint, but of showing that ‘human rights’ do not really have a universal basis. They are a part of history, and as such they vary according to societies and develop differently across space, time and moment. The values that underlie human rights are relative and evolving. They take distinctive forms according to cultures and social context, and are likely to be modified according to societies and periods. In other words, in this area there is no universal societal code that would be approved and recognized everywhere. Therefore the statement of rights cannot fail to be marked by their context. Each civilization has its codes and keywords influenced by its Weltanschauung. This paper attempts to place human rights texts in their historical and geographical context, and thereby demonstrate that there is nothing constant about them. They are dependent on cultures and collective imaginaries, national representations and social determinants, and rely heavily on their instrumentalization by states. For this reason we need to rethink the relationship between the particular and the universal in order to widen their humanistic base.

Nordstrandite from Lages represents the first occurrence of this mineral in an oxisoil that does not involve the influence of a calcareous substrate. This is also the first reported occurrence in Brazil. Nordstrandite occurs near the city of Lages only in the weathered bedrock facies, mostly where the circulation of meteoric water is restricted. There is also a close association between nordstrandite and the weathering of modified pseudoleucite structures. The interaction of meteoric water and feldspathic alkaline country rock with uncommon texture and mineralogy (rich in nepheline, sodalite, nosean, analcime and natrolite) promotes the development of solutions enriched in alkaline ions with basic pH, necessary to form nordstrandite. A detailed study by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy in natural or chemically leached samples was performed to identify the Al(OH)3 polymorphs of gibbsite and nordstrandite.

Adsorption of neutral organic molecules and the monovalent organic cations methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) to sepiolite was determined experimentally and investigated by an adsorption model. The largest amounts of MB and CV adsorbed were about 4-fold of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of sepiolite. Consequently, it was proposed that most of the above described adsorption was to neutral sites of the clay. The adsorption model considered combines the Gouy-Chapman solution and specific binding in a closed system. The model was extended by allowing cation adsorption to neutral sites of the clay, in addition to adsorption to negatively charged sites and adsorption to neutral complexes formed from 1 cation adsorbed to a negative surface site. The amount of available neutral sites was determined from the adsorption of the neutral molecule Triton-X 100 (TX100). The model could adequately simulate the adsorption of the neutral molecules TX100 and crown ether 15-crown-5 (15C5) as well as the organic cations. Due to aggregation of MB molecules in solution, their adsorption was somewhat less than that of CV at the larger added concentrations. A consideration of the molecular dimensions of TX100, MB and CV suggested that their adsorption was mostly to external sites of the clay and that their entry to the sepiolite channels was largely excluded. This interpretation is supported by infrared spectroscopy (IR) measurements, which show large perturbations of the peak corresponding to vibrations of external Si-OH groups of the clay and confirm complete occupancy of external sites by MB and CV.

These notes are inspired by two experiences and their convergence. First a clinical experience that led Françoise Davoine and myself to work over more than twenty-five years as psychoanalysts in the psychiatric hospital with patients diagnosed as mad, psychotic, schizophrenic, etc. The other experience interrogates, year on year, these clinical issues from the work of other clinicians, and also philosophers or writers of literature and poetry, who in their fields come across lessons relating to madness.

We can hardly know for certain how strongly a scholarly discipline like history is able to affect politics and society, popular views and morals. Whatever its impact, it's influence also varies from epoch to epoch. During a few decades of the nineteenth century, historians were overwhelmed by so many questions and by such high expectations that there existed a large public space for them that they merely had to occupy. At other times, they have had to conquer this space first if they wanted to gain continued attention.

To be sure, a differentiation has to be introduced: any society has particular interests, e.g., in parts of its more recent past or in events that society sees as having something like a “mythical quality” about then, events that represent a major divide, that are deeply imprinted on that society's memory, that have attained a special role through tradition. There is, of course, always a space commanding wider public attention for these aspects. However, they are no more than small specks on the large canvas of history.

The destruction of the crystal structure of kaolinite caused by mechanical forces was investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and specific surface area determination. Attention was also directed to the change of thermal reactions of milled kaolinite. Grinding experiments for 5 min, 10 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 h were carried out in an AGO I planetary mill. After 1 h of grinding, the crystalline order of kaolin is destroyed; but the amorphization continues in the course of prolonged grinding. Grinding for 1 h produces a favorable state for forming mullite-type crystals after heating even at 1000°C.

The primary method by which science endeavors to order the world is the analytic approach, consistent with Cartesian principles of dividing the problem in as many sections as required for an optimal solution, and progressing from the simplest to the most complex reasoning. When the interactions among the various elements of the system being studied are minimal, such a procedure indeed makes it possible to formulate laws that describe chains of causality. However, when the variables are interdependent and linked by non-linear equations, the atomistic method cannot account for the phenomenon in its entirety. Spurred by this inadequacy, scientists sought to discover synthetic methods which, early in the twentieth century, led to the conceptualization of holistic theories in a number of disciplines. The most highly developed fields are the psychology of form, structural anthropology (1), and the various systems theories (2). More recently, the development of epigenetic concepts in biology has corresponded to the appearance of different theories of pattern in physics and mathematics (3, 4) and to the progressive emergence of the concept of self-organization (5, 6, 7). The objective is to explain the production of complex structures on the basis of interacting elements, none of which contains a guiding scheme that dictates these structures. In biology, the challenge is to locate the constraints that are expressed in a space of possibilities (8) in order to develop a theory of organization that is capable of predicting the finite number of forms that living creatures can assume (9). This school of thought can be described as structuralist, emergentist, self-organizational, or epigeneticist, depending on the theoretical version that is emphasized.