A criminal confession typically ends in conviction, raising a critically important question: Why do suspects decide to confess to their guilt against their own self-interests? The authors of this chapter answer this question by reviewing a large body of theoretical and empirical research related to decision-making involving confessions. Major topics covered include the distinction between different types of confessions, the Reid technique, Miranda waiver decisions, psychological and dispositional vulnerabilities that encourage a confession decision, and interrogation reforms and their impact on confessions and interrogations. The core message of the chapter is that the dominant method of police interrogation used in North America relies on well-established social influence tactics that cause suspects to perceive a confession as a rational decision under the circumstances. The authors examine research involving these tactics and their effects on interrogations and confessions, along with laws and policies that regulate interviews and interrogations of suspects in custody.

The non-reflective and simplistic application of the non-coherence assumption leads to an automatic statement that foreseeability transforms into non-foreseeability online. The proponent of simplicity could argue that when the offline human rights normative domain is by and large characterised by foreseeability, the online realm is characterised by the opposite, non-foreseeability. Yet there is no rule according to non-coherence theory saying that specific features characterising rights offline turn into the opposite online. Variance in features can produce a multitude of non-coherent images, exhibiting a weakening or strengthening of the features, but also turning them into the opposite. If foreseeability were to turn into its opposite upon transposition to the online domain, and such transformation could be validated, then this positions foreseeability exclusively in the offline rights domain. The consequences of such exclusivity would be in terms of valuability and usability. Foreseeability exists online in more extreme formats than offline, to a considerably higher and lower degree. Because of this particularity, the image of foreseeability online is unclear.

INFLATION CAN BE measured in different ways, and for many countries historic datasets have to be compiled from multiple sources. In this book, unless otherwise stated, inflation has been calculated using the resources available at measuringworth.com, which are also the basis for the following tables for Britain and the US. Figures for Italy have been derived from Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, “Valore della moneta in Italia dal 1861 al 2021,” www.istat.it/it/archivio/269656.

The prevalence of white-collar crime (WCC) is alarming. WCC has a significant negative impact on a country’s economy and overall society. Several social and personal factors have been proposed to explain why people make the decision to perpetrate WCC. This chapter presents a brief summary of the established risk factors, which explain the decision to commit white-collar crime. Further, the chapter explores affluenza as a potential predictor of the decision to commit white-collar crime. Affluenza is defined as entitlement driven by a deep value for one’s elevated socioeconomic status, which blinds people to the social consequences of their actions. We discuss how affluenza might contribute to a person’s decision to commit WCC, as well as its legal implications. Further, future directions for research investigating the role of affluenza in perpetration of white-collar crime are discussed.

This chapter examines individual, social, and environmental factors associated with judicial decisions in juvenile dependency and juvenile justice cases. The structure and process of juvenile justice decisions are described along with a brief comparison to the adult courts. Current models and recommended guidance on juvenile dependency and juvenile justice cases are explored. Factors reviewed include, but are not limited to, legal considerations (e.g., removal, reunification, transfer/waiver, pleas, and placements), judicial education and expertise (e.g., formal training and judicial stress), bias (e.g., racial and socioeconomic prejudice), parent and youth characteristics (e.g., age and gender), family dynamics (e.g., parental engagement, child and parent attachment, and exposure to substances use and abuse), trauma, hearing practice, and representation. The chapter synthesizes the body of current research, discusses limitations in the current juvenile dependency and juvenile justice literature, and provides recommendations for future directions in both basic and applied research as well as policy implications for the legal decision-making field.

This chapter describes the practical aspects of recognizing and managing electrographic patterns that may constitute an ictal–interictal injury continuum (IIIC) using a case-based approach. Plus [+] modifiers include superimposed fast activity (+F), spike/sharp activity (+S), or rhythmic delta activity (+R). If present, these features suggest the pattern is more likely associated with ictal activity. Evolution refers to at least two distinct changes in either frequency, morphology, or location with time and is an electrographic hallmark of seizures. Patterns that do not qualify for definite electrographic seizures but may still contribute to deterioration of neurological function may be referred to the IIIC and should be managed appropriately. Finally, the chapter describes nonictal and stimulus induced patterns.

Guidance is provided regarding how subscores should be reported as well as on what might be done when subscores ought not be reported. Advice is also given to help practitioners respond to pressure from various stakeholders when subscores would be misleading to report.

In this chapter, we first sketch a number of assumptions underlying diachronic research in order to understand how researchers sketch the emergence of discourse connectives (and discourse markers) in language. We then review the discussion about the theoretical framework underlying the diachronic evolution of discourse connectives, that is, in which conceptual terms this linguistic process is best accounted for, grammaticalization or pragmaticalization. We then turn to a general description of the evolution from clause combining strategies to coordinating and subordinating connectives. Different case studies are presented in order to illustrate typical and less typical cases of language change in the area of connectives: the semantic evolution from temporal meaning to concessive meaning of French cependant (‘yet’), the peculiar semantic evolution from cause to contrast of Italian però (‘but’) (5.3.2), and a diachronic account of the synchronic polysemy of French alors.