The rich diversity of industrial achievements at the Great Exhibition of 1851 stimulated debate about the factors making such developments abundant in the modern age. Campaigners for science education pointed to the superiority of international competitors, to the roots of relative decline, means of mitigation through their favourite measures, and the importance of new institutions – such as those promoting knowledge of applied science, foregrounding the term. The wish to emulate France led to new bodies, such as the government’s Department of Science and Art, which paid teachers across the land and ran examinations, and Birmingham’s private Mason College; to the substantial development of Manchester’s Owens College; and to widespread public debate. In Parliament, Bernhard Samuelson further popularised the term ‘applied science’, promoting and obtaining an enquiry into its teaching. Though Thomas Huxley famously condemned the term at the 1880 opening of Mason College, the donor’s spokesman warned that we should credit it for Mason’s philanthropy.

Anthropologist and social tango dancer Carolyn Merritt had begun to take dance lessons in leading, then the COVID-19 restrictions shut down in-person classes and milongas. As she continued to pursue her quest in leading, Merritt reflects on her experiences and insights about how tango is politically generative, confronts the struggles many women face with tango, and provides a more profound examination into tango’s evolution and future. As she applies such findings of her embodied research, Merritt raises larger questions about how tango impacts the total human experience, especially during the COVID-19 restrictions.

In Chapter 12, we describe labor markets in great detail, including the implications of labor as a “derived demand”; outcomes under competition, monopsony, and unions; the distinction between shirking and lax works demands as a fringe benefit; personal and statistical discrimination (with application to decision-making in business); and payment structures (with piece-rate pay and/or commissions).

This chapter concludes the book by summarizing the main results and discussing future prospects of study.

Messier’s catalog of 110 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies is the most popular list of deep sky gems. The first edition of this stunning reference atlas was hailed as the most comprehensive, detailed, and beautiful account of the Messier objects then available and the second edition continues this trend. Each object is presented with:

• Updated historical information, including from new sources, featuring accounts and anecdotes from Messier and other prominent visual observers who followed him.

• Thoroughly researched astrophysical information, the results of an investigation of more than 500 recent scientific papers including, for the first time, fully consistent distance data from the Gaia space observatory.

• Extensive information on visual observing using the naked eye, binoculars, and amateur telescopes from modest sizes up to 20 inches aperture.

• New large-scale color photos from some of the world’s best amateurs displaying the objects’ splendor, as well as close-up images from the Hubble Space Telescope, for most objects, showing the fine details.

The introductory section includes an extensive biographical portrait of the life of Charles Messier, his observations and his telescopes, and his contemporaries, and a complete translation of Messier’s original catalog. There is also detailed information on how to observe the Messier objects and advice on how to conduct a Messier Marathon. For those seeking even more, the author provides the Herschel 100 list. In addition, many objects feature historical sketches from classical observers from the nineteenth century alongside the author’s modern deep-sky drawings.

Astronomers of all abilities will delight in the Atlas’s return as your guide to the sky’s finest objects.

Chapters 10 and 11 provide a solution for the study of interactionally complex ritual phenomena, by systematically breaking them down into replicable pragmatic units of analysis. The complexity of a ritual phenomenon can either mean that a phenomenon is too broad to be discussed as a single ritual, i.e., it represents a form of ritual behaviour which spans across many different ritual contexts, or it represents a particular context and related ritual frame which triggers ritual behaviour but cannot be subsumed under a single ritual heading from the pragmatician’s point of view. Chapter 10 focuses on the first of these cases: it explores the ritual phenomenon of self-denigration in Chinese. Self-denigration occurs in many different contexts of Chinese ritual practices and ceremonies, and if one attempts to describe its pragmatic features by relying on data drawn from a single context one unavoidably risks oversimplifying it. Rather, in the study of such a ritual phenomenon one should consider how it is used in different interpersonal scenarios with varying power and intimacy and in different phases of an interaction.

Communities living far from a grid network are increasingly being supplied by off-grid renewable energy systems. However, a consensus of the best approach to their design has yet to emerge. A number of options are being trialled and these are described. Small dc photovoltaic systems with batteries are well established but can only supply limited amounts of power. An example of the supply of power to a remote health facility is shown. Microgrids combine a number of energy sources connected using either ac or dc. These connection architectures are demonstrated. An example of an operating ac microgrid is shown, together with the initial design calculations of the scheme. The concept of community energy is explained with a demonstration of the potential benefits of peer-to-peer energy trading. The chapter is supported by 4 examples, 7 questions with answers and full solutions in the accompanying online material. Further reading and online resources are identified.

Management of the mental health emergency in the community is an emerging specialism in the United Kingdom. It works at the complex interface between the police and ambulance services and mental health system. This chapter provides an account of specialist psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) experience with the associated skills and knowledge from the inpatient setting for intervening as early as possible in mental health emergencies. By offering solutions which ensure the right help is available as soon as possible, it has been found that the need for more restrictive interventions can be avoided; mental health care being consistent with other branches of clinical services in upholding the maxim that ‘prevention is better than cure’.

In Chapter 3, I focus on the cultural influences in the ontogenetic acquisition of number concepts and arithmetical knowledge and skills. Using the notion of enculturation as specified by Menary, I provide an account of how both cultural and evolutionarily developed biological aspects influence the acquisition of numbers concepts and arithmetic in the individual. I discuss the neuronal mechanism that enables enculturation processes, reviewing literature that suggests Anderson’s notion of neural reuse to be a better fit than Dehaene’s notion of neuronal recycling. Finally, I present five empirical predictions resulting from accepting the enculturation account of arithmetic in ontogeny.

This chapter focuses on the idea of rivers as frontier or boundary, beginning with stories from Late Antiquity, and including a discussion of the ways that river frontiers are porous and permeable. A case study of the monastery of Prüm shows the complexity of these dynamics. The main focus of the chapter is on the impact of the Viking raids on medieval monastic writers, and how their stories about this moment created a new view of rivers as sites of danger and disruption. Then, the chapter explores ways that rivers were seen as sites of destruction and oblivion – an alternate to the idea of rivers and memory explored in the previous chapter. Finally, it looks at how monastic communities reinvented their histories in the wake of the Viking attacks, and how this helped them in turn to reimagine and restore their relationships with rivers.

This chapter describes clinical situations that arise in the general hospital requiring intensive psychiatric care, the use of rapid tranquilisation (RT) and the legal aspects of management. It discusses challenges of delivering psychiatric care in general hospitals, including organisational barriers, environmental difficulties, lack of access to occupational/psychological interventions and managing psychiatric conditions alongside complex medical care, including in the critical care setting. It highlights staff factors affecting good psychiatric treatment, including lack of knowledge about psychiatric conditions and low confidence in providing treatment to mental health patients. The chapter also describes how mental health liaison teams work in the general hospitals.