Leonard Bernstein stated in 1977, ‘The work I have been writing all my life is about … the crisis of our century, a crisis of faith’. In the decade between 1961 and 1971, he completed just three works, all choral-orchestral: ‘Kaddish’ (Symphony No. 3), Chichester Psalms, and Mass. This chapter views these works through the lens of Bernstein’s intense concern with a crisis of faith, at once societal and personal, philosophical and musical. In its reading of the scores, it seeks a deeper understanding of the music (including for practical performance), and of Bernstein’s propositions in theological as well as musical terms – concluding that his process is not merely one of presenting crises, but also one working to revise and reinvigorate larger faith and musical structures, as we see most spectacularly in Mass’s ritual of crisis and reaffirmation.

This chapter focuses on the distribution of wine. It begins with a detailed account of the liquor wars that pitted Distillers against South African Breweries (SAB), which owned SFW, from the late 1950s. This culminated in a peace agreement in 1974 which left SAB with a beer monopoly and divided the wine and spirits market between SFW, Distillers and the KWV who owned shares in a new company, Cape Wine and Distillers (CWD). It is shown that the competition between SFW and Distillers remained intense. A detailed account follows of how the wine companies, and especially SFW, attempted to market wine to a black consumer market, initially through jazz promotions. It is argued that while the SFW invested in market research and advertising, it was trapped in a racialised way of reading consumer preferences. This is demonstrated with reference to high-, medium- and standard-priced wines. The SFW dominated the market for SP wines but because the real profits were in spirits, rather little of the advertising budget was directed towards black and Coloured consumers. This fed a self-fulfilling prophesy about the limits of the market for wine amongst ’non-whites’.

The US–Republic of Korea (ROK or South Korea) alliance underwent severe strains during the Trump era. However, we can only understand such strains by situating them in a larger post-Cold War context, wherein successive US and ROK administrations have sought to transform and upgrade the alliance. The Trump administration’s unorthodox policy approach accelerated alliance tensions and thus revealed the psychological and institutional limits and contradictions inherent to this larger transformation, even if Trump did not create the underlying dynamics driving them. This chapter explores these tensions through a survey of several issue areas under Trump in relation to which the allies held contrasting if not clashing positions, including perceptions of the North Korean threat and engagement with Pyongyang; the transfer of wartime operational control (OPCON) of the ROK military from the US back to South Korea; alliance cost-sharing; and the alliance’s place within the wider region. While alliance relations have returned to a degree of normalcy under President Biden, these same issues that caused alliance discord under Trump are no less salient today.

In Chapter 9, we have a conventional treatment of the model of “perfect competition,” with an extension to competition in markets by “price takers.” We detail profit maximization in the short run and long run. We also have lengthy discussions about the vital role of entrepreneurship; the myth of “the first-mover advantage”; and the importance of finding optimal team size and team pay.

Chapter 3 establishes the nexus between South African policies on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and their defiance thereof, and the continued parallel development of nuclear weapons. Drawing on recently declassified documents, I trace the national position of the South African government on NPT accession and the application of IAEA safeguards over the 1980s. Most importantly, the focus lies on domestic decision-making and how a small number of people in the South African government decided whether to sign the NPT. This also includes a careful analysis of Pretoria’s relations with the US government under President Ronald Reagan and related exchanges with the IAEA Secretariat under its Director-General Hans Blix, developing in parallel over the period from 1981 to 1988.

Messier’s catalog of 110 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies is the most popular list of deep sky gems. The first edition of this stunning reference atlas was hailed as the most comprehensive, detailed, and beautiful account of the Messier objects then available and the second edition continues this trend. Each object is presented with:

• Updated historical information, including from new sources, featuring accounts and anecdotes from Messier and other prominent visual observers who followed him.

• Thoroughly researched astrophysical information, the results of an investigation of more than 500 recent scientific papers including, for the first time, fully consistent distance data from the Gaia space observatory.

• Extensive information on visual observing using the naked eye, binoculars, and amateur telescopes from modest sizes up to 20 inches aperture.

• New large-scale color photos from some of the world’s best amateurs displaying the objects’ splendor, as well as close-up images from the Hubble Space Telescope, for most objects, showing the fine details.

The introductory section includes an extensive biographical portrait of the life of Charles Messier, his observations and his telescopes, and his contemporaries, and a complete translation of Messier’s original catalog. There is also detailed information on how to observe the Messier objects and advice on how to conduct a Messier Marathon. For those seeking even more, the author provides the Herschel 100 list. In addition, many objects feature historical sketches from classical observers from the nineteenth century alongside the author’s modern deep-sky drawings.

Astronomers of all abilities will delight in the Atlas’s return as your guide to the sky’s finest objects.

In Chapter 11, we describe “monopolistic competition” and the role of advertising in product differentiation. We also describe ways to model mutual interdependency in oligopoly, including cartels and implied cartels. We describe efforts by government – in theory and in practice – to regulate the monopoly prices and to reduce market concentration through its antitrust powers. We describe the “innovator’s dilemma” – the common problem of industry leaders in deciding whether to pursue new opportunities or focus on core competencies. And we describe the “market for corporate control” – the presence of “internal monopolies” (and how managers can regulate them) and the role of takeovers in reducing corporate inefficiency.

Few would argue the premise that Leonard Bernstein’s music sounds prototypically American. Most of his works include numerous passages that would only have been written by someone from the United States, especially one active from the 1940s to the 1980s. His frequent cultivation of musical tropes associated with various types of jazz, blues, Tin Pan Alley, rock, Latin music, and concert music by the likes of Aaron Copland help make Bernstein’s interest in an American sound perhaps the single most significant factor that defines his musical style. This chapter considers how that style developed in terms of when and how he discovered and incorporated major American musical styles. The musical influences blend with other inspirations from Jewish music and Western concert music to render Bernstein one of the most eclectic composers of his generation.

This chapter argues that a distinct stock story of who refugees are and how they behave, which it describes as the ‘stock narrative of becoming a refugee’, featured throughout the hearings. This stock story is one version of how, when and why ‘genuine’ refugees decide to leave their home countries and seek refugee status in another state. The chapter analyses the extent to which this prescriptive narrative conforms with international and domestic definitions of refugee status, to show that the normative expectations embedded within the stock tale far exceed the legal basis for refugee protection. Nonetheless this story, with its distinct narrative form, was demanded of refugee applicants during oral hearings and structured how decision-makers tested and judged applicants’ evidence and credibility. While decision-makers frequently demanded evidence that conformed to the stock narrative of authentic refugeehood – or that applicants to account for deviations from this narrative – refugee applicants also implicitly or explicitly contested or resisted this demand when presenting their oral testimony.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electricity directly from the light of the sun, and grid-connected systems are becoming increasingly important in many electricity supply networks. The photovoltaic effect is described and the use of standard test conditions to define the performance of PV equipment explained. The bond and band models are used to explain the behaviour of an illuminated silicon p–n junction and the shape of its V–I characteristic. Operation of a PV cell at varying irradiance and cell temperature is demonstrated and the importance of operating at the maximum power point explained. The equivalent circuit of a PV cell is shown. The connection of multiple cells into a PV module is described together with the metrics that are used to describe the performance of PV arrays. The principle of operation of a grid-connected PV system and its inverter are described. A final section summarizes the main technologies used to manufacture the different generations of PV cells. The chapter is supported by 7 examples, 16 questions with answers and full solutions in the accompanying online material. Further reading and online resources are identified.

This chapter proposes that a psychological model based on disturbed internal cognitive appraisals and social reinforcement has sufficient flexibility to formulate challenging behaviour within the ward environment. Disturbance of appraisals is likely to have a traumatic basis which has solidified into powerful beliefs which influence the transferential projections of the patient to the treating team and ward situation. It is the patient’s distorted view of the ‘social -emotional situation’ that drives behaviour – rationale within the context of distorted beliefs. Tools for analysing and formulating the challenging behaviour and suggested treatments are taken up over a number of case studies.

We now have all the background information needed to explore the various computational approaches that are available for solving the wide range of multiphase flows we encounter. In fact, you may feel like you are at the cereal aisle in a grocery store wondering which one cereal among the shelf-full to pick. Fortunately, the process of picking the correct computational approach for a particular multiphase flow problem can be simplified through a rational analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and their suitability to the multiphase flow problem at hand.