This chapter will address the various peoples, polities, individuals, movements, and the social-political and economic conditions of Nigeria before the colonial era (1900). It will also go over the processes that spurred ongoing transformations in the complex patchwork of political, cultural, and religious entities that dominated what is known today as Nigeria. This chapter names five principal events as the primary catalysts for these transformations. They are the abolition of the slave trade and the switch to legitimate trade; the Sokoto Jihad; the decline and eventual collapse of the Old Oyo Empire; freed captives returning from Sierra Leone along with the arrival of missionaries; and the advent of colonial rule. These events would result in an environment of instability which gave way to new powers prompted by shifting demands from an increasingly industrialized and interconnected world. The chapter explores the social and economic shifts that resulted from these political changes and how these social and economic processes impacted the political changes in question. Finally, the chapter gives specific examples of lifestyle changes experienced by millions during this period, such as changes in clothing, religious practices, and diet.

Economics is a central science to the understanding of regulation. Regulatory economics focuses on economic concepts that are relevant in regulatory contexts. Chapter 1 introduces key concepts of economics and regulatory economics, referring to a branch of social sciences concerned with how society chooses to employ its scarce resources to produce goods and services. This chapter offers a brief discussion of economic concepts that have shaped regulation (e.g., monopoly, market failures). It also discusses behavioral economics, the commons, and principal-agent theory.

Technological change often prompts calls for regulation. Yet formulating regulatory policy in relation to rapidly-changing technology is complex. It requires an understanding of the politics of technology, the complexity of the innovation process, and its general impact on society. Chapter 3 introduces a variety of academic literatures across the humanities, law and the social sciences that offer insights on understanding technological change that have direct relevance to the challenges of regulating new and emerging technology. The chapter discusses different strands of scholarship, ranging from the history of technology, innovation studies and the growing field of law and technology that have until now remained largely fragmented and siloed, focusing primarily on digital technologies.

This is a reprinting of Ruark’s response to the EPR paper. Ruark puts the EPR debate down to disagreement over the criterion of reality. Ruark states that the majority of physicists will, pace EPR, consider this criterion satisfied even when the elements of a theory correspond only to indirectly measured features of reality.

This chapter explores how aspects of culture informed the compositions of Nigeria’s various precolonial and colonial societies. These happenings will be shown through several unique customs and practices, such as dance, music, and art. The second part of the chapter explains how the onset of colonialism shifted the cultural landscape of Nigeria. These cultural transformations are framed in three primary ways: the often racist and violent diffusion of Western culture, the retainment of Indigenous cultures, and the fusion of the former and latter. The social, economic, and political ramifications of these transformations will be detailed, along with the subtle, often insidious role colonialism and Western culture had to play in the changing mental constructs of the Nigerian people, most prominent amongst the growing class of Western-educated elites.

Substance use (SU) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent public health problems among emerging adult populations. Emerging adulthood is a time when young people are growing in their independence and exploring their identities, social connections, and future opportunities. It is also a developmental period characterized by experimentation and engagement in alcohol and drug use. The aim of this book chapter is to discuss and provide examples of prevention research to address SU/SUD among emerging adults. We utilize ecodevelopmental and multicultural frameworks to discuss approaches to prevention research. Next, we describe prevention research in the following areas: risk and protective factor research and intervention development. In the area of risk and protective factor research, we will review studies testing risk and protective factors for SU/SUD among Latinx emerging adults. Finally, we also share the development of two intervention studies designed to address alcohol-related sexual assault and a cognitive-behavioral model for mild-to-moderate substance use disorder. Implications for future prevention research are also discussed.

Chapter 2 delves into the critical role of congressional hearings and witnesses during the committee stage, emphasizing their significance in shaping legislative outcomes and policy formulation. It explores how hearings serve as one of the prime avenues for information gathering, drawing from previous studies to highlight their impact on communication among legislators, interest groups, and bureaucrats. The chapter unpacks the intricate process of selecting witnesses, elucidating the process of inviting individuals who provide members of Congress information during the committee stage. It underscores the choices and variables present in this selection process – such as expertise, ideological leaning, and organizational affiliations. Ultimately, this chapter serves as a comprehensive primer on the process of witness selection for congressional hearings and describes the pivotal role played by witnesses in a key stage of policymaking.