This chapter will guide a candidate in topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter asks questions dealing with Covid risk, immunocompromised patients and haemophilia. The chapter provides detailed explanations of the SBA questions asked.

In the early nineteenth century, the region was ruled by three main political entities: the British Indian district of Malabar belonging to the Madras Presidency, Cochin state, and Travancore state. This was what the southwestern coast's political map looked like for 150 years before the three units were merged to form Kerala (1956). Despite this difference in political form, the three units experienced rather similar forces of change since the nineteenth century, such as the commercialisation of farming and plantations that expanded into new land frontiers, the influx and mobility of capital, labour migration, social movements targeting harsh inequalities and the decline of landholder power.

This chapter will describe the change and its legacies in the mid-twentieth century. It is helpful to start with the eighteenth century, when the political balance faced new challenges before settling down.

Trade and Politics in the Eighteenth Century

A serious European engagement with the southwestern coast of India began with Portuguese explorations in the late fifteenth century. From much before, Malabar traded with West Asia and Africa. ‘Nowhere in India,’ wrote D. M. Dhanagare, ‘have foreign trading and commercial and religious interests interacted within the indigenous socio-economic and political institutions more intimately than they have in Malabar.’

The chief exports of Malabar in early modern trade were spices and timber. Teak was abundantly available. A large shipbuilding industry developed, dependent on the custom of local ship-owning merchants. Beypur was the principal port in Malabar, where much of the commercial and shipbuilding activity was concentrated. In 1498, the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama landed in Malabar. A subsequent Portuguese attempt to impose a licensing system on coastal trade produced intermittent conflicts with the ruler of Calicut (Kozhihode), his allies inland, and a resistance force created by the Muslim merchants operating in the seaboard. The Portuguese attempt failed in the end, and the centre of Portuguese settlement shifted further north.

The cosmopolitanism of Malabar strengthened further in the second half of the eighteenth century under two forces, one maritime and another inland. In the seventeenth century, Dutch and English traders arrived to take a share of the lucrative spice trade.

The work of the previous chapters has been to consider how the findings of evolutionary biology fit with key commitments of traditional Christology. Thus far, we think the findings fit quite well. In this final chapter, we widen our scope all the way, asking not whether this finding of biology is problematic for that claim of Christianity but instead asking how biology and its total set of data fit with a Christian worldview compared to a naturalist worldview. Our main concern, then, will be to evaluate Christianity and naturalism in terms of their respective worldview explanations of the very existence of the biological world and the phenomena within it.

Risk is a central concept in modern regulatory studies. In Chapter 2, the general idea of ’risk’ is introduced. The chapter helps readers grasp its scientific and practical relevance for regulation. The chapter also offers an overview of the importance of risk in scholarly work and policy-making. The chapter emphasizes the extensive and diverse nature of risk studies across different academic disciplines including ’technical’ quantitative methods and sociological critique. It explains how risk identification, risk assessment, and risk management are conventionally understood and highlights their shortcomings and complexities. Additionally, it discusses the trend of ’riskification’ – the tendency to frame a growing number of issues in the language of risk.

This chapter discusses Western education in the landscape of colonial and even postcolonial Nigeria. Building upon ideas established in previous chapters, this chapter focuses on the uneven and complex adaptation of Western education and the emergence of a new middle class of low-level government and mercantile administrators. It will also touch upon traditional forms of education, explaining how colonial officials stunted or even undermined them. Of particular importance, this chapter explores the use of education as a tool of the political elite to construct systems of power and guide the development of societies. For colonial Nigeria, Britain sought to construct a system easily exploited for its natural resources, extracted by a vast underclass of cheap labor. This system would be managed by the small middle class of native elites under the authority of white British officials. This chapter will contextualize the aforementioned educational processes to explain the strategies colonial officials used to achieve their central objectives.

This chapter focuses on three case studies from California that provide a laboratory for investigating value conflicts. One case involves feral goats and endemic plants on San Clemente Island. What initially presents as a textbook conflict between sentientism and biocentrism turns out to engage a host of other values. A second case concerns tule elk and cattle in Point Reyes National Seashore. A variety of values are in play, but the primary conflict is between an endangered species and a population of animals that humans use for food. The third case involves Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and mountain lions. Both of these species have depleted populations and restricted ranges due to human action, and both are under intensive management. Their interests conflict and humans cannot remove themselves from the conflict.

In this chapter we discuss a few cases of scientific misconduct that turned out easy to spot, given some basic knowledge of statistics. We learn that it is always important to begin with a close look at the data that you are supposed to analyze. What is the source of the data, how were they collected, and who collected them and for what purpose? Next, we discuss various specific cases where the misconduct was obvious. We see that it is not difficult to create tables with fake regression outcomes, and that it is also not difficult to generate artificial data that match with those tables. Sometimes results are too good to be true. Patterns in outcomes can be unbelievable. We also see that it is not difficult to make the data fit better to a model. These are of course all unethical approaches and should not be replicated, but it is good to know that these things can happen and how.

This chapter critically examines various kinds of ‘hybrid’ regulatory instruments, including hybrid and private regulation. It discusses multiple sources of regulatory influence, including various non-state intermediaries, and various strategies that avoid relying exclusively on the regulatory capacities of the state. The chapter closes with a brief overview of various kinds of ‘experimental regulation’, including regulatory sandboxes.

This chapter will guide a candidate in the shoulder and elbow core topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter deals with trauma and elective spine questions. High quality clinical based SBA questions that provide up to date information, higher order SBA questions and detailed explanations along with an evidence based approach to the most appropriate answer.

This chapter delves into the concept of legitimacy and introduces the readers to key debates on regulatory legitimacy. The concept of legitimacy has been extensively studied by scholars from various academic disciplines, including political theory, legal theory, political science, sociology and management studies. The resulting body of scholarship has, however, tended to remain in disciplinary siloes, making the study of legitimacy difficult to navigate. Chapter 11 offers first an exploration of different legitimacy claims that justify why individuals recognize an authority and its rules as legitimate. The chapter then moves to regulatory legitimacy.