Beef cattle are often fed high-concentrate diet (HCD) to achieve high growth rate. However, HCD feeding is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. Mild acid treatment of grains in HCD with 1% hydrochloric acid (HA) followed by neutralization with sodium bicarbonate (SB) might modify rumen fermentation patterns and microbiota, thereby decreasing the negative effects of HCD. This study was thus aimed to investigate the effects of treatment of corn with 1% HA and subsequent neutralization with SB on rumen fermentation and microbiota, inflammatory response and growth performance in beef cattle fed HCD. Eighteen beef cattle were randomly allocated to three groups and each group was fed different diets: low-concentrate diet (LCD) (concentrate : forage = 40 : 60), HCD (concentrate : forage = 60 : 40) or HCD based on treated corn (HCDT) with the same concentrate to forage ratio as the HCD. The corn in the HCDT was steeped in 1% HA (wt/wt) for 48 h and neutralized with SB after HA treatment. The animal trial lasted for 42 days with an adaptation period of 7 days. At the end of the trial, rumen fluid samples were collected for measuring ruminal pH values, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and bacterial microbiota. Plasma samples were collected at the end of the trial to determine the concentrations of plasma LPS, proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins (APPs). The results showed that compared with the LCD, feeding the HCD had better growth performance due to a shift in the ruminal fermentation pattern from acetate towards propionate, butyrate and valerate. However, the HCD decreased ruminal pH and increased ruminal LPS release and the concentrations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines and APPs. Furthermore, feeding the HCD reduced bacterial richness and diversity in the rumen. Treatment of corn increased resistant starch (RS) content. Compared with the HCD, feeding the HCDT reduced ruminal LPS and improved ruminal bacterial microbiota, resulting in decreased inflammation and improved growth performance. In conclusion, although the HCD had better growth performance than the LCD, feeding the HCD promoted the pH reduction and the LPS release in the rumen, disturbed the ruminal bacterial stability and increased inflammatory response. Treatment of corn with HA in combination with subsequent SB neutralization increased the RS content and helped counter the negative effects of feeding HCD to beef steers.

Introduction: Les patients souffrant dun arrêt cardiaque extra hospitalier (ACEH) sont fréquemment traités à laide de soins avancés en réanimation cardiovasculaire (SARC). Dans ce contexte, des bicarbonates de sodium sont parfois administrés à des patients en arrêt cardiaque réfractaire chez qui une acidose métabolique importante, une hyperkaliémie ou une intoxication est suspectée. Puisquil ny a que peu dévidences quant à cet usage, lobjectif de la présente étude est dévaluer lassociation entre le traitement à laide de bicarbonate de sodium (une dose ou plus) et le devenir (retour de circulation spontané et survie au congé) chez les patients souffrant dun ACEH. Methods: La présente étude de cohorte a été réalisée à partir des bases de données de la Corporation dUrgences-santé dans la région de Montréal entre 2010 et 2015. Les patients adultes ayant souffert dun ACEH dorigine médicale traités en préhospitalier par des paramédics de soins avancés prodiguant des SARC ont été inclus. Les associations dintérêt ont été évaluées initialement à laide de régressions logistiques univariées, puis à laide de régressions logistiques multivariées ajustant pour les variables sociodémographiques et cliniques pertinentes. Results: Un total de 1973 patients (1349 hommes et 683 femmes) dun âge moyen de 66 ans (±17) ont été inclus dans cette étude, parmi lesquels 77 (3,8%) ont reçu une dose de bicarbonate, 763 (37,5%) ont retrouvés un pouls en préhospitalier et 222 (10,9%) ont survécu jusquà leur congé de lhôpital. Sans ajustement, il y avait une association négative entre le traitement à laide de bicarbonates et le retour de circulation spontané (rapport de cotes [RC]=0,46 [intervalle de confiance {IC} 95% 0,27-0,79], p=0,005) et la survie au congé (RC=0,21 [IC 95% 0,05-0,86], p=0,030). Cependant, ces associations nétaient plus significatives suite à lajustement pour les autres covariables (RC ajusté=0,63 [IC 95% 0,34-1,18], p=0,15 et RC ajusté=1,69 [95% IC 0,29-10,01], p=0,56). Conclusion: Il ny a pas dassociation indépendante entre le traitement à laide de bicarbonates et le devenir chez les patients souffrant dun ACEH. Dans ce contexte, il serait adéquat de réaliser un essai clinique afin de trancher définitivement sur cette question.

Urea and ammonium nitrate are components of 28% nitrogen liquid fertilizer (UAN) that is often used as an adjuvant in addition to surfactants or oils with herbicides. Ammonium nitrate and/or UAN fertilizer enhancement of nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to large crabgrass or yellow foxtail depended upon the associated oil or surfactant adjuvant. Ammonium nitrate reduced the effectiveness of most block copolymers but not other surfactants with nicosulfuron for large crabgrass. Urea never enhanced and often reduced surfactant and oil adjuvant enhancement of nicosulfuron. Ammonium nitrate or UAN, but not urea, enhanced nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to yellow foxtail when the spray carrier contained sodium bicarbonate. These research results indicated that enhancement of nicosulfuron efficacy from UAN is mainly from the ammonium nitrate component. However, the benefit to nicosulfuron from UAN or ammonium nitrate depended upon the associated surfactant or oil adjuvants.

Introduction: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) is still widely used for resuscitation in out-of- hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) despite limited clinical indications but the effect on neurological recovery is unclear. Methods: From 2006 to 2016, we prospectively conducted a province-wide population-based observational study of adult non-traumatic OHCA patients managed by EMS. According to provincial guidelines, paramedics administered SB to OHCA patients based on their clinical assessment. Outcome of interest was favorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge, defined as CPC of 1 and 2 or modified Rankin scale of 3 or less. We performed multivariable logistic regression, comparing the proportion of outcome between SB and non-SB groups, further stratified by the median of the length of resuscitation. We also applied propensity score matching technique adjusting for baseline characters to the same model to reduce potential selection bias. Results: Of 13,008 OHCA patients, 4,699 (36.1%) were managed with SB. In the SB treated group, 64 / 4,699 (1.3%) patients had favorable neurological outcomes, compared to 823 / 8,309 (9.9%) in the non-SB treated group (crude odds ratio [OR] 0.12, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.16). In logistic regression model, SB was associated with decreased probability of favorable outcomes (adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.89). Similarly, with stratification by length of resuscitation, the SB group had a lower probability of favorable outcomes (≦24 min: adjusted OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.02, >24 min: adjusted OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.97). In 1:1 propensity matched cohort including 5,126 OHCA patients, the adjusted association also persisted (adjusted OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.89). Conclusion: Prehospital administration of SB to OHCA patients was associated with worse neurological outcomes and the trend persisted even after stratification by resuscitation length.

Nicosulfuron efficacy varies with surfactant, natural salts in the spray water carrier, and added nitrogen fertilizer salts. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken of nicosulfuron spray droplet residue on large crabgrass in the greenhouse. Spray residue characteristics differ for nicosulfuron applied with surfactants alone and with specific salts. Uniform deposits with close contact to the leaf epicuticular surface generally related positively to nicosulfuron efficacy. Ammonium salt enhancement of nicosulfuron phytotoxicity when with surfactant X-77® related to a change from a ring to a uniform deposit. Spray mixtures containing Tween 20 or Atplus 300F surfactants that gave distinct dark amorphous deposits over anticlinal cell walls generally related to effective nicosulfuron treatments. Salts that were antagonistic to nicosulfuron phytotoxicity left a large amorphous deposit, including ammonium nitrate antagonism of nicosulfuron applied with Pluronic® P85 surfactant and general antagonism from sodium bicarbonate. The SEM information indicates that the effect of surfactants and salts on spray deposit characteristics influence nicosulfuron efficacy.

Four Holstein heifers (264 ± 12 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day experimental periods to determine the effect of increasing levels of sodium bicarbonate (BICARB) (0%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5%, of concentrate dry matter (DM) basis) on chewing and feed intake behavior when fed high-concentrate diets. Concentrate (13.41% CP, 13.35% NDF) and barley straw were fed once a day at 0830 h ad libitum. Feed bunks placed on scales and video recording were used to measure 24-h feed intake and chewing behavior, respectively. The patterns of feeding behavior (feed intake, meal size and length) and chewing behavior (eating, ruminating and total chewing) were studied by dividing the day into 12 intervals of 2-h each, beginning at feeding (interval 1 through 12). Number of meals per day and eating rate decreased linearly with increasing buffer level, but meal length increased linearly. No treatment effects were observed in sum of daily meal lengths or average meal size. The treatment × interval interaction was significant on meal size, length and feed intake. The size and length of those meals occurring during the 4 h post-feeding increased linearly. However, meal size tended to decrease in the evening between 8 and 12 h, whereas feed intake decreased linearly from 6 to 10 h and from 12 to 14 h post-feeding. Buffer concentration did not affect the percentage of time spent ruminating, eating or drinking per day but the buffer level × interval interaction was significant. Time spent eating expressed as min per kg of DM or organic matter (OM) intake increased linearly with buffer levels. Proportion of time spent eating increased linearly during the intervals between 0 and 4 h post-feeding. Time spent ruminating decreased linearly during the 2 h post-feeding, and also in the evening from 12 to 14 h, and at night from 18 to 22 h post-feeding, but the effect was quadratic between 8 and 10 h when intermediate buffer levels showed the greatest ruminating time. Time spent drinking decreased linearly from 6 to 8 h but increased during the 2 h following feeding and from 10 to 12 h post-feeding. Daily eating rate and meal frequency decreased linearly as the buffer level increased, but average meal size and daily chewing times were not affected. However, significant time of the day × buffer level interactions were observed for feed intake, meal size and length and chewing behavior.

Four ruminally fistulated Holstein heifers (BW = 264 ± 12 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to determine the effect of increasing levels of sodium bicarbonate (BICARB; 0%, 1.25%, 2.50% and 5%, on concentrate dry matter (DM) basis) on DM intake (DMI), water consumption and ruminal fermentation. Sampling was carried out in the last week of each four 21-day experimental periods. Heifers were offered concentrate (13.4 ± 0.04% crude protein (CP), 13.3 ± 0.44% NDF, 51.7 ± 0.97% starch) and barley straw once daily at 0830 h ad libitum. There was a linear decrease in concentrate DMI and a linear increase in straw DMI with increasing buffer level in the diet, resulting in a tendency towards a linear decrease in total DMI. Intake of concentrate was 6.89, 7.66, 6.72 and 5.72 ± 0.83 kg/day, whereas straw intakes were 0.73, 0.84, 0.94 and 1.06 ± 0.14 kg/day, for the 0%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% BICARB, respectively. Water consumption was not affected by treatments when expressed as l/day or percentage of BW, but increased linearly when expressed as l/kg of DMI. The percentage of total daily water drunk in the morning (from 0830 to 1230 h) increased linearly with the level of buffer. Mean ruminal pH and total area under the pH curve were not affected with increasing buffer level. The lowest daily pH (5.65 ± 0.09) was not affected by treatments. A quadratic tendency (P ⩽ 0.10) was observed in the number of hours and the area under the pH curve in which ruminal pH was below 5.8, with high values only at the 0% BICARB. Additionally, increasing bicarbonate level caused a linear increase in the ruminal pH at 2 and 4 h after feeding. Daily average NH3 N (2.4 ± 0.9 mg N/100 ml) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (143 ± 12 mM) concentrations were not affected by treatments. Daily average molar proportion of propionate decreased linearly, and acetate proportion and the acetate-to-propionate ratio were increased with increasing buffer level in the diet. Molar percentage of butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate, and branched-chain VFA concentration increased linearly as the level of bicarbonate increased in the diet. Results indicate that high levels of BICARB to finishing heifers fed high-concentrate diets may result in a decreased DMI without significant effects on mean ruminal pH, which may affect animal performance. All individual VFA proportions, except valerate, were changed by the addition of bicarbonate.

The role of bicarbonated mineral waters on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein concentrations in man has scarcely been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate whether drinking sodium bicarbonated mineral water affects postprandial cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism in postmenopausal women. In a three-way, randomised, crossover study, eighteen healthy postmenopausal women consumed two sodium bicarbonated mineral waters (bicarbonated mineral water 1 and bicarbonated mineral water 2) and a low mineral water (500 ml of each) with a standard fat-rich meal (4552 kJ; 75·3 g fat). The bicarbonated waters were rich in sodium and bicarbonate and bicarbonated mineral water 1 contained 5·7 times more fluoride than bicarbonated mineral water 2. Fasting blood samples and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 120, 240, 360 and 420 min after the end of the meal consumption. Cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined in serum and chylomicrons. A significant water consumption effect was observed in the total area under the curve (TAUC) of serum and chylomicron triacylglycerols (ANOVA, P=0·008 and P=0·027, respectively). TAUC of serum triacylglycerols for bicarbonated mineral water 2 was significantly lower compared to low mineral water (Bonferroni, P=0·039). Peak concentration of serum triacylglycerols showed a significant water effect (P=0·025). Changes in chylomicron cholesterol were not significantly affected by the type of water. Bicarbonated mineral waters 1 and 2 did not show any significant differences. Drinking sodium bicarbonate-rich mineral waters reduces postprandial lipaemia in healthy postmenopausal women compared to drinking a low mineral water.

The short-term consumption of foods that differed in energy density (ED) and/or NaHCO3 supplementation, on subsequent food intake and diet selection in sheep were measured. Thirty sheep weighing 35·9 (SD 2·89) KG WERE USED. TWO FOODS WERE FORMULATED: H HAD 11 AND L HAD 8 MJ METABOLIZABLE ENERGY/KG FRESH MATTER. FOUR FURTHER FOODS WERE FORMULATED BY ADDING EITHER 40 G NAHCO3/KG OR 16·5 G NACL/KG TO FOODS H AND L. NACL WAS ADDED TO GIVE THE SAME NA CONCENTRATION AS WITH 40 G NAHCO3/KG TO CONTROL FOR ANY EFFECTS OF NA PER SE. IN A PRELIMINARY TEST, IT WAS FOUND THAT A 2 H CONSUMPTION OF FOOD H SUPPLEMENTED WITH NAHCO3 COULD BUFFER POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE RUMEN ENVIRONMENT OF SUBSEQUENT CONSUMPTION OF FOOD H ALONE (AS JUDGED BY RUMEN PH AND ACID-BUFFERING CAPACITY); HOWEVER, IT WAS NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS THE CONSUMPTION OF FOOD L ALONE IN DOING SO. EACH FOOD TREATMENT WAS OFFERED TO ONE OF SIX GROUPS (N 5) FOR 2 H FOLLOWING 16 H OF FOOD DEPRIVATION. SHEEP WERE THEN OFFERED A CHOICE BETWEEN H AND L FOR A FURTHER 6 H. SUPPLEMENTING H OR L WITH EITHER NAHCO3 OR NACL HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON EITHER INTAKE OR DIET SELECTION. ED SIGNIFICANTLY (P<0·01) AFFECTED INTAKE DURING THE 2 H SINGLE FEEDING PERIOD, WITH SHEEP OFFERED H OR L CONSUMING 540 AND 663 (sed 37) g respectively, but had no effect on subsequent intake during the choice period. During the choice period all sheep showed a preference for food H, but sheep previously offered L selected significantly more H (0·873 g/g) than sheep previously offered H (0·544 (sed 0·028) g/g; P<0·001). It is concluded that short-term consumption of foods that differ in ED, and hence in their potential impact on the rumen environment, significantly affects subsequent diet selection. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that ruminant animals select a diet to help maintain the rumen environment within a certain physiological range. Food H with 40 g NaHCO3 added/kg may not have been sufficient to affect subsequent diet selection. It is suggested that larger, rather than smaller, changes in the rumen environment achieved through previous feeding should be expected to alter subsequent diet selection.

A number of methods exist by which the pH of local anaesthetic solutions may be increased. Most commonly, these require the addition of differing amounts of sodium bicarbonate solution according to the local anaesthetic drugs. Sodium bicarbonate (1%) was titrated against pH in six commonly used local anaesthetic solutions. Titration curves of pH and volume of sodium bicarbonate solution added are shown for this group of local anaesthetics. This study demonstrates that 1 mL of 1% sodium bicarbonate solution may be used to alkalinize this range of local anaesthetics without the risk of precipitation. We also conclude that Ropivacaine (at concentration 0.75% and 1.0%), is unsuitable for alkalinization since it precipitates at a pH of 6.0.

The food intake and growth rate of broilers kept at high temperatures can be improved by supplementing the diet or the drinking water with sodium bicarbonate. The response appears to be due to the bicarbonate ion and is associated with an increase in water consumption. Measurements of dietary or retained values for cation–anion balance or dietary electrolyte balance were unsatisfactory for predicting the growth and/or feed conversion responses of broilers at high temperatures. Improvements in body weight do not appear to be associated with increased body water retention.