U.S. per capita seafood consumption is historically high due to population and income growth and consumer preference shifts toward healthy protein options. Despite this expansion, U.S. fisheries, especially those in the Great Lakes region, no longer fulfill domestic demand due to pressure on fish stocks and regulatory constraints. Instead, aquaculture and imports fill the gap. Rainbow trout, yellow perch, and walleye—three species historically produced in the North Central Region (NCR)—exemplify such trends. To expand marketing opportunities for NCR aquaculture producers, this study estimates willingness to pay (WTP) for these species and several search and credence fish attributes. We designed and distributed a survey instrument to collect hypothetical choice experiment responses from U.S. seafood consumers. Using a random utility framework, we estimate mean total WTP for trout, yellow perch, and walleye of $19.99/lb., $15.89/lb., and $17.37/lb., respectively. Further, we identify average price premia of $1.64/lb., $1.97/lb., and $0.84/lb. for NCR-sourced, wild-caught, and fresh fillet attributes. Our analysis also captures regional preferences. Mean WTP estimates for yellow perch and walleye, which are native to the Great Lakes, are significantly higher inside the NCR. Further, trout commands a higher premium outside the NCR than within, suggesting potential market segmentation for the analyzed species.

Excessive phosphorus (P) levels in freshwater aquaculture effluents are a majorenvironmental problem in certain receiving water bodies. This study aimed to test anapproach alternating that alternating feeding P deficient and P sufficient diets andmeasure P loading from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Threeexperimental practical diets consisting of P-deficient (0.4% P, P04), optimum level of P(0.6% P, P06) and P-sufficient as control diet (0.8% P, P08) were formulated. Sixdifferent feeding regimes of P-sufficient diet continuously (P08), P-deficient dietcontinuously (P04), optimum dietary level of P (P06) continuously, one weekP-deficient/one week optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.1), 2 weeks P-deficient/2 weeksoptimum level of P diet (P04/P06.2) and 4 weeks P-deficient/ 4 weeks optimum level of Pdiet (P04/P06.4) were tested. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation level 16weeks. Fish fed all alternating regimes showed growth rate (weight and length) comparableto those of continuous feeding with P08 and P06 diet. The feed conversion ratios (FCR) forall alternating regimes were comparable to that of the P08 and P06 continuous feedingregime. Neither the thermal unit growth coefficient (TGC) nor condition factor (K)significantly influenced by feeding regimes. Vertebrae P, ash and whole body ash contentdid not differ among regimes. Except fish fed continuous P04 diet, the ash and P contentin opercula and whole body total P content were not significantly different among eachother in a continuous feeding and alternating feeding schedule.

Fish fed all alternating regimes showed significantly lower P consumption than those fedcontinuously fed with P08 and P06. Different feeding regimes had no effect P retention.Significantly higher P loading (solid and dissolved) was noted in fish fed continuouslywith P08 diet, in contrast P loading values were lower for all alternating feedingregimes. The study demonstrated that growth and tissue mineralization of fish maintainedon alternating feeding regimes with P04 and P06 diet were comparable to those continuouslyfed with diet of P08. These results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce P intake by34% and reduce P loading 52% by adopting alternating feeding regimes compared to P08 diet.This study provides evidence that alternating feeding of P deficient and optimum dietarylevels using practical ingredients can be adopted as a means of reducing P loading fromrainbow trout culture without compromising growth.

This study uses a novel method for discriminating cohorts and investigating the population dynamics of the parasitic crustacean, Argulus foliaceus. Analysis of parasite length-frequency data was carried out in order to elucidate the timings and drivers behind the parasite's life cycle. Up to 6 cohorts of the parasite emerge through the course of 1 year in still-water trout fisheries in England. Recruitment ceases over the winter months; however, 3 cohorts of the parasite over-winter, 2 as eggs and 1 as a hatched stage. The technique, when used in conjunction with temperature data, also allowed for the reliable prediction of growth rates and provided estimates of egg incubation times and the length of hatching periods. These data showed that growth rates increased exponentially between the observed temperatures of 4 to 22°C. The method allowed for the time taken from hatching to egg laying under field conditions to be predicted and produced estimates that were validated against independent laboratory studies on the growth of the parasite.

Numbers of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo feeding in inland waters during winter have increased throughout Europe resulting in concerns over their impacts on fisheries. Loch Leven is a world-renowned sport fishery for trout and supports a nationally important population of wintering cormorants. The relationships between brown trout stocking, regional cormorant numbers and cormorants counted during winter on Loch Leven were examined. Stocked brown trout were fin-clipped before release and gut contents from a sample of 96 cormorants shot under scientific licence were analysed. The data suggest that the number of cormorants at this site is influenced by both the stocking policy and the regional population level. Cormorant diet varied with the sex and age of birds. Overall, trout made up c. 85% of the total content by weight. Brown trout predominated in the diet, making up c. 70%, while rainbow trout occurred less frequently, making up c. 6%. Trout which could not be identified to species, made up the remainder (c. 9%). There was no significant difference in the ratios of wild and stocked brown trout sampled from the loch and from cormorant stomachs in winter. A model was constructed to investigate the likely loss of trout to cormorants roosting on the loch. It was estimated that over a 7-month period cormorants consumed 80 803 (41 617–128 248) brown and 5213 (830–12 454) rainbow trout. These estimates compared to average annual fishery catches of 5828 brown and 12 815 rainbow trout (1996–2000). Comparison with published estimates of trout populations in Loch Leven indicated a high potential for competition between the birds and the fisheries for available fish. It is suggested that stocking has led to an increase in cormorant numbers and the subsequent increase in predation may have prevented any increase in the trout population or in fishery catches.

The aim of this paper was to test the hypothesis that when the 2 species of Acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus clavula are found concurrently within the intestine of brown trout under field conditions, they have the potential to interact negatively. Evidence has shown that Acanthocephala are more likely to exhibit negative interactions with their own and other species, under both field and experimental conditions. Furthermore, the likelihood of these interactions is increased in Ireland because of the absence of certain definitive hosts and the fact that concurrent infections by two or more species of Acanthocephala are more commonly observed in fish. Data collected from wild and stocked brown trout and from 2 lakes provided an opportunity to compare the 2 potentially interacting helminth species in their fundamental and realized niche and several pieces of convincing evidence are provided here to support the hypothesis. A significant negative association between the numbers of each species found in individual fish was reported and this was consistent for both wild and stocked trout. Furthermore, an analysis of the proportions of low, moderate and high intensity infections in single and concurrent infections revealed a significant reduction in increasing intensities in concurrent infections compared to single infections. Finally, strikingly different patterns of niche inhabitation were observed, particularly for P. laevis in the presence of A. clavula in wild trout. Results from the niche width analysis also support the observations on average position in single and concurrent infections. The niche width of P. laevis when it co-occurred with A. clavula decreased markedly in high intensity infections compared to low intensity infections.

The aim of the present study was to compare the helminth infra and component communities of wild and stocked brown trout in Lough Feeagh, in the west of Ireland, and also to examine the establishment and development of helminth communities in stocked brown trout. Fish were sampled in May, August and November 1997 and 1998 and an additional sample of wild brown trout was examined in April 1997. In total 217 wild trout and 122 stocked trout were examined. The acanthocephalans Acanthocephalus clavula and Pomphorhynchus laevis were the first parasite species to infect stocked trout in May 1997. In May 1998 both acanthocephalan species along with the trout specialists Eubothrium crassum and Crepidostomum farionis were the first to infect trout. Mean species richness values for stocked trout increased from May to November, in 1997 and 1998. For wild trout, mean species richness values increased from April to November, in 1997 and decreased from May to November in 1998. The parasite communities of wild trout were richer than those of stocked trout in May of both years. In August the parasite communities recorded for wild and stocked trout were similar in terms of the number of species present but differed in terms of structure, and in November the parasite communities of stocked trout were richer than those of wild trout.

The karyotypes of salmonid fishes including taxa in the three subfamilies Coregoninae, Thymallinae and Salmoninae are described. This review is an update of the (Hartley, 1987) review of the chromosomes of salmonid fishes. As described in the previous review, the karyotypes of salmonid fishes fall into two main categories based on chromosome numbers: the type A karyotypes have diploid numbers close to 80 with approximately 100 chromosome arms (2n = 80, NF = 100), and the type B karyotypes have diploid numbers close to 60 with approximately 100 chromosome arms (2n = 60, NF = 100). In this paper we have proposed additional sub categories based on variation in the number of chromosome arms: the A′ type with NF = 110–120, the A″ type with NF greater than 140, and the B′ type with NF less than 80. Two modes of chromosome evolution are found in the salmonids: in the Coregoninae and the Salmoninae the chromosomes have evolved by centric fusions of the Robertsonian type decreasing chromosome numbers (2n) while retaining chromosome arm numbers (NF) close to that found in the hypothetical tetraploid ancestor so that most extant taxa have either type A or type B karyotypes. In the Thymallinae, the chromosomes have evolved by inversions so that chromosome arm numbers (NF) have increased but chromosome numbers (2n) close to the karyotype of the hypothetical tetraploid ancestor have been retained and all taxa have type A″ karyotypes. Most of the taxa with type B karyotypes in the Coregoninae and Salmoninae are members of the genus Oncorhynchus, although at least one example of type B karyotypes is found in all of the other genera. These taxa either have an anadromous life history or are found in specialized lacustrine environments. Selection for increases or decreases in genetic recombination as proposed by Qumsiyeh, 1994 could have been involved in the evolution of chromosome number in salmonid fishes.

The hypothesis that intestinal helminth communities in freshwater brown trout are dissimilar in composition and structure to those in the European eel was tested by an analysis of component communities from 72 localities and of infracommunities from 34 localities in the British Isles and Norway. Derived indices were then compared with published data from eels. Composition of helminth communities differed considerably between the two hosts as a group of 4 species occurred commonly in trout and so gave greater predictability to the community composition. These 4 species were trout specialists and in 97% of the localities a trout specialist dominated the community rather than a generalist acanthocephalan as is typical for eels. By contrast all measures of community structure and indices of richness and diversity indicated that helminth communities in trout were isolationist in character, species poor and exhibited low diversity at both component and infracommunity levels. All values of indices for trout helminth communities were strikingly similar to those obtained from eels. Evidence of interspecific interactions within the trout helminth communities and a limit of 4 to infracommunity species richness further enhanced the similarities and suggested a common determinant of community structure. The hypothesis was thus supported in respect of species composition but refuted in respect of community structure.

A study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding level and water temperature on growth and feed efficiency, nutrient and energy utilization and waste outputs of rainbow trout. A practical diet was fed to near-satiation to groups of fish reared at 6, 9, 12 and 15 °C. At each temperature, the feed intake of other groups of fish was restricted to about 85 % or 70 % of the amount of feed consumed in the previous week by the fish fed to near-satiation. Total feed intakes over 12 weeks were, on average, 76 % and 65 % of total feed intake of the near-satiety group for R1 and R2, respectively. Reducing the feed allocation resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gains compared to feeding to near-satiation regardless of the rearing temperature. Feeding level and water temperature had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on feed efficiency, carcass composition or efficiencies of digestible nitrogen and digestible energy retention. Increasing temperature resulted in an increase in the apparent digestibility of dietary dry matter, nitrogen and energy (P < 0.05). The increase in digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen with increasing temperature resulted in higher estimated total solid and solid nitrogen waste outputs per kg fish produced (P < 0.05) at lower water temperatures. Estimated dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus waste outputs (g/kg fish produced) were not affected by the feeding level or water temperature. A highly significant (P < 0.01) linear relationship was observed between metabolizable energy (ME) intake above basal metabolism and recovered energy. The efficiency of ME utilization for growth (Kpf) was 0.61 and this coefficient was not affected by feed intake or water temperature. Protein and lipid were deposited in a constant ratio (1 kJ protein gain: 1.4 kJ lipid gain) regardless of ME intake or water temperature.

Dietary nitrogen and phosphorus utilisation were evaluated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed fish meal and soy protein concentrate-based diets. Two short term trials were conducted with rainbow trout having initial mean weights of 24 and 156 g maintained at a water temperature of 17 ± 1 °C, during which triplicate groups of trout were fed the respective diets two times a day to apparent satiety by hand. In both trials, fish fed fish meal-based diet exhibited significantly higher growth. In small trout, feed/gain ratio and protein utilisation were slightly higher in groups fed the fish meal-based diet; however, in larger fish, there was no significant difference between treatments. Nitrogen retention and loss were not affected by dietary treatments, while phosphorus retention was higher in fish fed diet containing fish meal (30 and 17 %) than in fish fed diet containing soy protein concentrate (25 and 15 %) and greatly reduced in larger fish. Phosphorus losses were 10 and 13 g·kg gain−1 of fish fed the fish meal-based diet, while those for fish fed the diet without fish meal were 14 and 17 g.

Discocotyle sagittata displays a clearly defined nocturnal egg-hatching rhythm. When eggs of D. sagittata were incubated in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness at 13 °C, the majority of larvae hatched within the first 2 h of darkness. Larvae were rarely recovered after 4 h of darkness, and none hatched in the light. Reversal of the light/dark cycle resulted in immediate reversal of the hatching rhythm, so that larvae emerged at the beginning of the new dark period. This suggests that hatching is a direct response to exogenous cues and not endogenously driven. In continuous darkness hatching was arrhythmic; hatching occurred in continuous light although total numbers of larvae emerging were suppressed. Field experiments confirmed that eggs exposed to the natural day/night cycle throughout development also demonstrated the precise hatching rhythm seen under controlled conditions. Mechanical disturbance played no part as a hatching stimulus. However, larvae hatched in the presence of both host mucus and gill tissue. D. sagittata does not show an egg-laying rhythm. The hatching responses have adaptive advantage related to the host's activity pattern. Trout are generally visual predators, inactive in darkness, providing a stationary target for emerging larvae responding either to darkness or to host hatching factors.

Sperm was collected from testes and from three or four parts of the deferent ducts of 4 to 6 winter-spawning male rainbow trout, about every two weeks over a three month period (January toMarch). Milt volume, spermatocrit, sperm motility, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17α-hydroxy,20β dihydroprogesterone (17,20P) levels and ionic composition were determined. Steroids and ions were also measured in blood plasma. The K+ concentrations and steroid levels in the seminal fluid from each part of the ducts did not vary significantly over the period of study. In two out of the three parts of the ducts, Na+ (parts 1 and III) Ca2+ (parts I and III) and Mg2+ (parts I and II) levels were significantly higher at the end of March than two months earlier. Motility of testicular sperm peaked (42%) in mid-February while that of sperm from ducts usually remained stable (80 to 100%) throughout the three months. Seminal fluids and blood plasma were confirmed to be isotonic (300 mmol/kg). Levels of K+, Na+, Ca2+, 11-KT and 17.20P in the plasma and seminal fluid differed significantly (respectively 0.3 vs 34 mmol, 134 vs 116 mmol, 3.4 vs 2.0 mmol, 87 vs 17 to 39 ng/ml, 11 vs 3 to 13 ng/ml), with the Na+ and steroid levels being positively correlated in both liquids. Osmolality, Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrationsremained constant along the genital tract. In contrast, spermatocrit and 11-KT and 17.20P levels decreased significantly and progressively from testis to the posterior or middle part of the ducts (respectively 97 to 49%, 39 to 17 ng/ml, 13 to 3 ng/ml) while sperm motility (percentage of motile cells and duration of motility) increased (74 to 96% and 41 to 51 s). No significant correlation was found between sperm motility and the studied physicochemical parameters of the seminal fluid.

The dynamics of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin were studied through an 11-month feeding experiment by following carotenoid deposition in male and female rainbow trout muscle, during and after spawning. Carotenoids were analysed by chromatography (HPLC), muscle colour was measured by a colourimeter and visual rank evaluation. In both sexes, a decrease in the muscle carotenoid content was observed at spawning time. The recovery of the muscle pigmentation differed between females and males, but seemed not to be influenced by the type of carotenoid additives in feed. The carotenoid content of the female muscle increased rapidly after spawing, while in the male this increase was slower. Eighteen weeks after spawing, carotenoid concentrations in the muscle of females corresponded to those before spawning, while in males they reached only one third of that amount. Significant correlations were found between chemical analysis, colourimetric measurements and visual rank evaluation.

In this study an attempt was made to develop a suitable diluent based on the characteristics ofgood quality ovarian fluid of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The resulting simulated ovarian fluid (SOF) was compared with Borax-borie acid buffer diluent and adjusted versions thereof. The composition of al1 these diluents are given in this paper. Maximum fertilization success (81.76%) was achieved when ovarian lluid was employed as a sperm diluent. Spermatozoa showed maximum (34 seconds) forward motility after dilution with Borax 3. The use of diluents in artificial fertilization techniques by trout farmers can help them to increase the fertilization success and also facilitates hatchery procedures and broodslock management.

Cryopreservation of sperm is an important component of genetic conservation programs for fish.However, since fish eggs or embryos cannot be successfully cryopreserved and since the mitochondrialDNA is maternally inherited, the mitochondrial genomes of fish populations are presently not beingpreserved in these programs. One method of obtaining eggs from stored materials would be tocryopreserve embryonic cells that could later be transplanted into female recipient embryos, formingchimeras; a proportion of these transplanted cells would be expected to enter the germ line andsubscquently develop into eggs. The hypothesis of this study is that isolated blastomeres of rainbowtrout can be successfully cryopreserved and thawed. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the rate of cooling or the type of container alters cryopreservation success. Isolated blastomeres in a freezing solution containing 8.7% DMSO were subjected to one of two different cooling rates in either 0.5 ml French semen straws or cryovials. Thawed samples were examined using phase contrat microscopy, wkh cells scored as being either intact or non-intact. In the nonfrozen control group, 85.4%f 7.6 ($\bar{x}$ ± S.D.) of the blastomeres were intact. There was no significant difference between the cooling rates used in this investigation based on the proportion of intact cells, but there was a significant (p < 0.002) difference in the proportion of intact cells between samples frozen in French straws (35.9% ± 16.5) and those frozen in cryovials (19.4% ± 4.9).

Samples of trout (Salmo trutta L.) were taken from four rivers in the Conwy system, North Wales: the Roe and the Nant-y-goron, which support sea trout stocks, and the Iwrch and Machno which are situated above impassable waterfalls and contain resident trout. Tissue samples from the fish were used in electrophoretic analysis of enzymes. Fourteen loci were scored of which six were polymorphic (Pgi-2, Gpd-2, Ldh-5, Mdh-2, Mdh-4 and Ck-2). Allele frequency data from these loci were used to test interpopulation heterogeneity, which indicated that the two upstream samples were probably reproductively isolated from each other and also from the downstream samples. Mean heterozygosity was generally lower in the upstream stocks compared with the sea trout populations. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distance (D) revealed a clear dichotomy between those stocks above, and those below waterfalls. This was best explained by the presence of two strains of trout in the system. One strain, the resident trout occurring above impassable waterfalls, was characterized by high frequencies of the Ldh-5(100) allele, the other strain, principally consisting of sea trout, exhibited high frequencies of the Lhd-5(90) allele.

Rainbow trout were fed two experimental diets differed in lipid content by replacement of crudestarch (lipid-poor diet : 4.2% lipid or lipid or lipid-rich diet : 14.8% lipid) supplemented or not with antibiotics (a combination Flumequine + Gentamycin, 1:4). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, carbohydrate and total energy were measured. Addition of lipid by replacement of crude starch in the fish diet in the absence of antibiotics enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrate and total energy, but did not influence those of lipid. Antibiotics supplementation of the lipid-poor diet (consequently with a high level of carbohydrate) enhanced significantly (p < 0.01) the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, and total energy, but not those of carbohydrate. On the other hand the antibiotics-treated lipid-rich diet (consequentlywith a low level of carbohydrate) showed a higher (p < 0.01) digestibility for dry matter, lipid, carbohydrate and total energy, but not for crude protein. The stimulatory effect of antibiotics on nutrient digestibility is discussed.

Les spermes de deux lots de 20 mâles d'une souche de truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) à reproduction printanière, ont été collectés individuellement une fois par semaine pendant 10 semaines. Seuls les spermes d'un volume supérieur à 5 cm3 ont été utilisés pour cette étude. Pour chacun, la concentration en spermatozoïdes, l'osmolarité et les concentrations enzymatiques en glutamique oxaloacétique transaminase (GOT) et stéroïdienne en 17 α, 20 β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 α, 20 β-OH-P) du plasma séminal ont été mesurées. Des échantillons de spermatozoïdes ont été incubés pendant 1 et 24 heures dans des solutions hypotoniques (60 et 20 mOsm) et leurs réactions (gonflement, éclatement, colorabilité ou non par l'iodure de propidium) ont été analysées. Un échantillon de chaque sperme a été congelé en boulettes à partir desquelles la GOT libérée par les spermatozoïdes après décongélation a été dosée. Des fécondations ont été réalisées avec du sperme frais et du sperme congelé-décongelé.

L'analyse factorielle des correspondances (AFC) entre la fécondante du sperme après congélation d'une part et la fécondante à l'état frais, les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et les résultats des différents tests de qualité membranaire d'autre part, a montré que l'aptitude à la cryoconservation peut être estimée a priori à partir de la mesure de la pression osmotique séminale et de tests reflétant l'intégrité fonctionnelle de la membrane. Ce résultat confirme le rôle déterminant de la membrane lors de la congélation.

The body components of female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) reared in an experimental fish farm were studied during sexual maturation. For a period of 13 months, carcass, liver, gut and ovaries were sampled every month and their fat and non fat constituents analysed. In the trout, lipids are mainly stored in the carcass and to a less extent in the gut and ovaries. The distribution ranged from 68 to 73%, 31 to 6% and 0.1 to 20%, respectively from the beginning to the end of sexual maturation (March-November). Whatever the stage, carcass and visceral total lipids (TL) were mainly composed of neutral lipids (NL). The ovarian NL relative to TL content decreased from 90% during the first gonadal slow growth phase (SG. I from March to June) to 60% at ovulation in October or November while the proportion of phospholipids (PL) increased during the second slow growth phase (SG. II from July to August) and the rapid growth phase (RG from September until ovulation in October or November). This observation suggests that trout preferentially incorporate fatty acids into phospholipids in the oocyte during late ovarian growth.

During sexual maturation there was a large mobilisation of carcass and visceral lipid reserves, but non fat dry matter (NFDM) was only slightly changed. In our experimental fish (mean weight 1200 g) the loss of lipids averaged 76 g (42 and 34 g, respectively from the carcass and gut) versus 33 g for NFDM (from the carcass mainly). Loss of visceral lipids began during SG. I and ceased at ovulation in November, whereas loss of carcass lipids seemed to start during the RG phase and finished 1 month after ovulation.