States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Unrecognized State — Extent to which its laws are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Consequences of non — recognition — Extent to which laws of unrecognized States are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Domicile — Domicile of foundation in German Democratic Republic — Whether can be changed by authorities in Federal Republic of Germany — Unfair competition — Confusion between names of companies — Good faith test — Admissibility of name to be judged according to law of domicile — Relevance of non-recognition of State of domicile by forum State — Extent to which laws of non-recognized States to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Application for refugee status — First receiving country — Significance of residence of four years in another country after departure from State of origin — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 A (2) — The law of France

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to marry — Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany 1949, Article 6 (1) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 12 — Extent of right to marry — Conflict of laws rule requiring application of foreign law in determining eligibility of foreign national to marry — Application of such rule resulting in denial of right to marry — Whether basic constitutional rights take precedence over the application of foreign law — Whether such precedence contrary to respect for foreign legal orders required under international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Definition — Requirement of proportionality between crime and political objective — Subjective test — Assassination attempt on foreign Head of State — Necessity for assassination to be a “last resort” — Whether “last resort” where target is embodiment of State political system — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — First Protocol, 1952, Article 2 — Right to education — Duty to respect religious and philosophical convictions of parents — Article 8 of the Convention — Respect for private and family life — Whether these provisions impose duty on private educational institution to accept children whose parents refuse to allow them to attend religious instruction classes — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Claim on behalf of United States shareholders of Canadian company — Whether company a United States national within meaning of Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles 11(1) and VII(2) — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Claim on behalf of United States shareholders of Canadian company — Whether company a United States national within meaning of Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles 11(1) and VII(2) — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Evidence — Nationality of claim of Canadian company — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles II (1) and VII (2) — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Purchase agreement between Iranian corporation and Swiss subsidiary of Canadian company — Jurisdiction over claim on behalf of United States shareholders — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Articles II (1) and VII (2) — Nationality of claim — Ownership interests of United States shareholders — Whether collectively sufficient to control Canadian company — Evidence — Majority of shareholders reporting United States addresses — Majority of shares owned by United States citizens — Whether a reasonable inference — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of aliens — Procedure — Whether obligatory requirement to communicate complete grounds for expulsion order — The law of Luxembourg

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Alleged expropriation of interests in a company — Claim under Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Change in ownership of company — Whether constituting a change in control — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claim by dual national — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Principle of dominant and effective nationality — Recognition of nationality — Claim by dual national under Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — State responsibility — For alleged expropriation of interests in a company — Change in ownership of company — Whether constituting a change in control — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8(1) — Right to respect for private life and home — First Protocol, 1952, Article 1 — Right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions — Fourth Protocol, 1963, Article 2 — Freedom of choice of residence — Residential property accommodation order — Whether violates these rights under the Convention — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — European Convention on Extradition, 1957, Article 11 — Application by analogy — Customary international law — Admissibility of extradition in respect of offences punishable with death — France-Netherlands Extradition Treaty, 1895 — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Lawyers’ obligation to defend accused without payment — Whether constituting forced or compulsory labour — Whether discrimination compared to other professions — Deprivation of property rights — Whether applicable to remuneration of services

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether case raises serious questions of interpretation — Meaning of phrase “forced or compulsory labour” — Lack of definition in Convention — Interpretation in light of International Labour Organization Conventions

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Jurisdiction of Chamber of Court — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Lawyers’ obligation to defend accused without payment — Whether constituting forced or compulsory labour — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 4 — Meaning of phrase “forced or compulsory labour” — International Labour Organization conventions — Principle of proportionality — Balance between aim pursued and obligations undertaken to achieve it — Discrimination — Article 14 in conjunction with Article 4 — Obligations imposed on lawyers and members of other professions — Whether comparable — Property rights — Deprivation of — Article 1 of First Protocol — Whether applying to remuneration of services — Expenses not reimbursed — Whether constituting an interference with possessions — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention — Jurisdiction of Chamber of European Court of Human Rights — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 9 — Freedom of thought and conscience — Conscientious objections to military service — Municipal legislation limiting grounds for conscientious objections — Whether compatible with Article 9 — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Victim of Nazi persecution — Foreign national — Reparations claim — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Whether bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amended — Whether such bar contrary to international law — Protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victims of Nazi persecution — Reparations claim — Foreign national — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amendedWhether contrary to intemational law — Principle of equality — Legitimate protection of State interests — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Victim of Nazi persecution in Germany — Claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956 — Entitlement of aliens to compensation conditional upon existence of diplomatic relations between Federal Republic of Germany and State of domicile — Whether contrary to international law — Legitimate protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Respect for previously acquired rights dependent on personal status — Whether matrimonial property regime of State of origin continues to apply — The law of Luxembourg

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 — Definition of refugee — Well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race — Article 16 — Right of access to courts — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c) — Right to defence counsel — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether established — Whether redress already furnished by finding of violation — Legal costs and expenses

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Right to defence counsel — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings before court — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c)

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Request to annul local judgment and direct respondent Government to disavow passages therein — Whether within powers of Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to defence counsel — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c) — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings — Right to a fair trial — Article 6(1) — Whether issue absorbed by Court’s findings on Article 6(3)(c) — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50 — Request to annul local judgment and direct respondent Government to disavow passages therein — Whether within powers of Court — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether established — Whether redress already furnished by finding of violation — Legal costs and expenses

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Double criminality — Whether a requirement in principle — Relevance of foreign law — Evidence — Extradition Act 1870 — The law of England

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Offence committed against nationals of requesting State outside its territory by a foreign national — Provisional detention pending extradition — Whether request for extradition admissible — Whether French law of 11 July 1975 may be applied retroactively — The law of France

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 (1) — Right to a fair and public hearing — Whether summary conviction compatible with Article 6 (1) — Article (6) (3) (a) — Right of accused to be informed promptly of proceedings in a language which he understands — Whether accused entitled to notification in his native language of his rights of appeal — Whether right to fair trial requires that translation of proceedings be available to accused in his native language — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Civil proceedings — Right to a public pronouncement of judgment — Whether to be interpreted literally — Special features of particular proceedings — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Circumstances to be taken into account

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Literal interpretation — Object and purpose of provision

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Jurisdiction of Chamber of Court — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Civil proceedings — Right to public pronouncement of judgment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Whether requiring that judgment be read aloud — Object and purpose of Article 6 — Form of publicity — Assessment in light of special features of particular proceedings — Entirety of proceedings to be taken into account — Whether deposit of judgment in court registry sufficient — Right to a hearing within a reasonable time — Reasonableness of length of proceedings — Circumstances to be taken into account — Complexity of the case — Conduct of applicant and authorities — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention — Jurisdiction of Chamber of European Court of Human Rights — Whether to be relinquished in favour of plenary Court