Liver has multiple functions such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage. Folate is a water-soluble vitamin B9, which participates in one-carbon transfer reactions, maintains methylation capacity, and improves oxidative stress. Folic acid is a synthetic form commonly used as a dietary supplement. The liver is the main organ for storing and metabolizing folate/folic acid, and the role of folate/folic acid in liver diseases has been widely studied. Deficiency of folate results in methylation capacity dysfunction and can induce liver disorders. However, adverse effects of excessive use of folic acid on the liver have also been reported. This review aims to explore the mechanism of folate/folic acid in different liver diseases, promote further research on folate/folic acid, and contribute to its rational clinical application.

The template-based approach has been employed for the synthesis of nanomaterials with the potential application in the development of new material, energy and microelectronic devices. The templates are carbon nanotubes, to which the external contour is applied. Both plasmaenhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes have been studied for various materials, including SiO2 and Al2O3. It is found that PECVD processes can give conformal coating on the template of carbon nanotubes, and the plasmaenhanced ALD (PEALD) processes do not show obvious damage to the morphology of carbon nanotubes. Pretreatment is also not necessary for the formation of conformal coatings of SiO2 and Al2O3. Moreover, the carbon nanotubes can be treated as the sacrificial template and removed to prepare the nanostructures with original contour. As an example, the 3-dimensional structure of Al2O3 has been demonstrated. This can be explored to develop 2D and 3D nanostructures of the intended materials. The approach of using PECVD and ALD processes makes it possible to integrate in a continuous way such kind of synthesis process with production processes of current semiconductor and energy industries.

For the study of round jet flow at low Reynolds number, a fine analysis of instabilitiesis necessary. In this paper, we present a frequency analysis of temporal and spatialvelocity variations in a round jet with a Reynolds number equal to 830. The data wereobtained from Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) measurements for various downstreampositions. Attention is focused on the characteristics of the instantaneous signal of thelongitudinal velocity component u(t) in order tocharacterize the transition from laminar state to turbulent state. The spectral analysisof the LDA signals of the axial component of the exit velocities highlights the presenceof a single peak of energy around a characteristic frequencyf0. This frequency corresponds to the amplified mode of theinstability. The jet develops a sinuous mode which is the most unstable anti-symmetricmode. The results obtained in this study concerning the sinuous mode frequency, agree wellwith those obtained by laser tomography technique and images analysis.