Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-89wxm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T17:35:00.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Self-Regulatory Processes in Interracial Interactions: The Role of Internal and External Motivation to Respond without Prejudice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

Patricia G. Devine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Amanda B. Brodish
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Stephanie L. Vance
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Joseph P. Forgas
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Simon M. Laham
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, students of intergroup relations have shown increased interest in exploring and understanding the challenges involved in intergroup interactions. Several researchers have noted, for example, the importance of considering the types of interpersonal concerns people bring to intergroup interactions that may affect their expectations, perceptions, feelings, and behavior in such settings (Devine, Evett, & Vasquez, 1996; Plant & Devine, 2003a, 2003b; Shelton, 2003; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer, Main, & O'Connell, 1998). For majority group members, most often these concerns are framed in terms of the possibility of appearing prejudiced in such interactions and the potential to be evaluated negatively should one be viewed as prejudiced. Against a backdrop of contemporary social norms discouraging overt expressions of prejudice, sensitivity to the possibility of appearing prejudiced in intergroup interactions is likely to be heightened.

Indeed, recent research suggests that majority group members expect to viewed as prejudiced by outgroup members and that this expectation is easily activated in situations in which the potential for evaluation by an outgroup member is likely (Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer et al., 1998). Vorauer and colleagues speculated that these expectations may play a role in the unfolding dynamics of intergroup interactions, affecting, for example, people's strategies for interaction and how people feel about intergroup interactions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Social Motivation
Conscious and Unconscious Processes
, pp. 249 - 273
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2003). Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink responses and self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 738–753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aronson, E. (1968). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–34). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to achievement motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand
Atkinson, J. W., & Litwin, G. H., (1960). Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 52–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Brigham, J. C. (1993). College students' racial attitudes. Journal of Applied and Social Psychology, 23, 1933–1967CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britt, T. W., Boniecki, K. A., Vescio, T. K., Biernat, M., & Brown, L. M. (1996). Intergroup anxiety: A person X situation approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1177–1188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2001). Affect and functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 345–356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 3–53). New York: Guilford Press
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup context. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 423–464). New York: Guilford Press
Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1993). The role of discrepancy-associated affect in prejudice reduction. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 317–344). San Diego, CA: Academic PressCrossRef
Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991). Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817–830CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). Exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit prejudice: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 835–848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Blair, I. V. (2001). Classic and contemporary analyses of racial prejudice. In R. Brown & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 198–217) Malden, MA: Blackwell
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510–540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 316–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. New York: Academic Press
Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461–475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feather, N. T. (1967). Level of aspiration and performance variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 37–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Festinger, L. (1957). A cognitive theory of dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Greenwald, A., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58, 47–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. R., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276–286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 254–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R. (1983). Social anxiousness: The construct and its measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 66–75CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1995). Social anxiety. New York: Guilford Press
Mahone, C. H. (1960). Fear of failure and unrealistic vocational aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 253–261CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined? It depends on who's asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563–579CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, M. J. (1993). Self-regulation of prejudiced responses: Implications for progress in prejudice-reduction efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 469–485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, M. J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Czopp, A. (2002). Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1029–1050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811–832CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2001). Beyond compliance with nonprejudiced social pressure: Acceptance or backlash?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 486–501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003a). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 790–801CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003b). Regulatory concerns in interracial interactions: Approaching egalitarianism and avoiding over bias. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin
Plant, E. A., Devine, P. G., & Brazy, P. C. (2003). The bogus pipeline and motivations to respond without prejudice: Revisiting the fading and faking of racial prejudice. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 187–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1986). Persistent high self-focus after failure and low self-focus after success: The depressive self-focusing style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1039–1044Google Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987). Self-regulatory preservation and that depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 122–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). When prejudice doesn't pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science, 13, 287–290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, J. N. (2003). Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 171–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 125–139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1989). Antecedents of intergroup anxiety in Asian-Americans and Hispanic Americans. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 203–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorauer, J. D., Hunter, A. J., Main, K. J., & Roy, S. A. (2000). Meta-stereotype activation: Evidence from indirect measures for specific evaluation concerns experienced by members of dominant groups in intergroup interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 690–707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorauer, J. D., & Kumhyr, S. M. (2001). Is this about you or me? Self-versus other-directed judgments and feelings in response to intergroup interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 706–709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorauer, J. D., Main, K. J., & O'Connell, G. B. (1998). How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 917–937CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, N. G., & Meehl, P. E. (1998). Multivariate taxometric procedures: Distinguishing types from continua. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicklund, R. A. (1975). Objective self-awareness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 233–275). New York: Academic PressCrossRef

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×