Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-fwgfc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T19:24:07.818Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2020

R. Sooryamoorthy
Affiliation:
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Science, Policy and Development in Africa
Challenges and Prospects
, pp. 288 - 329
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Costa, F. D. (2009). Research collaboration and productivity: Is there correlation? Higher Education, 57, 155–71.Google Scholar
Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Solazzi, M. (2011). The relationship between scientists’ research performance and the degree of internationalization of their research. Scientometrics, 86, 629–43.Google Scholar
Adams, J. (2012). The rise of research networks. Nature, 490, 335–6.Google Scholar
Adams, J. (2013). The fourth age of research. Nature, 497, 557–60.Google Scholar
Adams, J., Gurney, K., Hook, D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2013). Collaboration in Africa: Networks or Clusters? Paper presented at the 14th International Society of Scientometrics and Informetrics Conference, Vienna, 15–19 July.Google Scholar
Adams, J., Gurney, K., Hook, D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2014). International collaboration clusters in Africa. Scientometrics, 98, 547–56.Google Scholar
Adams, J., King, C., & Hook, D. (2010). Global Research Report, Africa 2010. Leeds: Evidence Thomson Reuters.Google Scholar
Adamson, I. (1992). Access and retrieval of information as coordinates of scientific development and achievement in Nigeria. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 8399). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Adeboye, T. (1998). Africa. In UNESCO, World Science Report 1998 (pp. 166–91). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Adedeji, A. (1984). The economic evolution of developing Africa. In Crowder, M (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa (Vol. 8, pp. 192250). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
AEO (African Economic Outlook). (2017). African Economic Outlook 2017: Entrepreneurship and Industrialisation. Paris: African Development Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and United Nations Development Program.Google Scholar
AfDB, OECD and UNDP. (2012). African Economic Outlook 2012: Promoting Youth Employment. Paris: African Development Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
AfDB, OECD and UNDP. (2015). African Economic Outlook 2015: Regional Development and Spatial Inclusion. Paris: African Development Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Agazzi, E. (2000). What does it mean, a social contract for science? In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 349–51). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., David, P. A., & Foray, D. (2009). Science, technology and innovation for economic growth: Linking policy research and practice in ‘STIG Systems’. Research Policy, 38, 681–93.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. (2004). Making technology work for the poor: Strategies and policies for African sustainable development. International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 4, 117.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. D., & Suardi, S. (2007). Sources of economic growth and technology transfer in sub-Saharan Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 75, 159–78.Google Scholar
Ajeyalemi, D. (1990). Science and technology education in Africa: a comparative analysis and future prospects. In Ajeyalemi, D (ed.), Science and Technology Education in Africa: Focus on Seven Sub-Saharan Countries (pp. 162–81). Lagos: University of Lagos.Google Scholar
Ajeyalemi, D., & Balyelo, T. D. (1990). Nigeria. In Ajeyalemi, D (ed.), Science and Technology Education in Africa: Focus on Seven Sub-Saharan Countries (pp. 5995). Lagos: University of Lagos.Google Scholar
Akinwale, A. A. (2013). Digitisation of indigenous knowledge for natural resources management in Africa. Africana, 6, 132.Google Scholar
Akpofure, R. E. O., & N’dupu., B. L. (1998). National standards and quality control in Nigerian education. In UNESCO (ed.), The State of Education in Nigeria (pp. 119–31). Lagos: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Alagh, Y. K. (2000). The social contract with science in developing countries. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (p. 351). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Allotey, F. K. A. (2000). A need for capacity-building in Africa. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 352–4). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Aman, V. (2016). How collaboration impacts citation flows within the German science system. Scientometrics, 109, 2195–216.Google Scholar
Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2016). The evolution of science, technology and innovation policies: a review of the Ghanaian experience. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 110, 134–42.Google Scholar
Ani, D. P., Biam, C. K., & Kantiok, M. (2014). Patterns and impact of public expenditure on agriculture: Empirical evidence from Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 15, 311–23.Google Scholar
Ani, O. E., & Biao, E. P. (2005). Globalization: Its impact on scientific research in Nigeria. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 37, 153–60.Google Scholar
AOSTI (African Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation) (2013). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy-Making in Africa: an Assessment of Capacity Needs and Priorities. Working Paper No. 2. Malabo, Equatorial Guinea: The African Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation (AOSTI).Google Scholar
AOSTI (African Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation). (2014). Assessment of Scientific Production in the African Union 2005–2010. Malabo, Equatorial Guinea: The African Observatory of Science, Technology and Innovation (AOSTI).Google Scholar
Appiah, B., Gastel, B., Burdine, J. N., & Russell, L. H. (2015). Science reporting in Accra, Ghana: Sources, barriers and motivational factors. Public Understanding of Science, 24, 2337.Google Scholar
Appiah-Adu, K., Okpattah, B. K., & Djokoto, J. G. (2016). Technology transfer, outsourcing, capability and performance: a comparison of foreign and local firms in Ghana. Technology in Society, 47, 31–9.Google Scholar
Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2004). A new indicator of technological capabilities for developed and developing countries (ArCo). World Development, 32, 629–54.Google Scholar
Archibugi, D., & Coco, A. (2005). Measuring technological capabilities at the country level: a survey and a menu for choice. Research Policy, 34, 175–94.Google Scholar
Arikewuyo, O. (2004). Democracy and university education in Nigeria: Some constitutional considerations. Higher Education Management and Policy, 16, 121–33.Google Scholar
Arunachalam, S. (1992). Peripherality in science: What should be done to help peripheral science get assimilated into mainstream science. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 6776). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Arunachalam, S., & Garg, K. C. (1986). Science on the periphery: a scientometric analysis of science in the ASEAN countries. Journal of Information Science, 12, 105–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvanitis, R., Waast, R., & Gaillard, J. (2000). Science in Africa: a bibliometric panorama using PASCAL database. Scientometrics, 47, 457–73.Google Scholar
Assaad, R. (2010). Equality for All? Egypt’s free public higher education policy breeds inequality of opportunity. Cairo: Policy Perspective No. 2, Economic Research Forum.Google Scholar
Atawodi, S. E., Ameh, D. A., Ibrahim, S., et al. (2002). Indigenous knowledge system for treatment of trypanosomiasis in Kaduna state of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79, 279–82.Google Scholar
Atuahene, F. (2011). Re-thinking the missing mission of higher education: an anatomy of the research challenge of African universities. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46, 321–41.Google Scholar
AU (African Union). (2014a). Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa 2024. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission.Google Scholar
AU (African Union). (2014b). AU Outlook on Education Report: Continental Report. Tunis: Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), and African Development Bank (AfDB).Google Scholar
AU-NEPAD (African Union–New Partnership for Africa’s Development) (2010). African Innovation Outlook 2010. Pretoria: AU–NEPAD.Google Scholar
AUC (African Union Commission). (2015). Agenda 2063: Popular Version. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission.Google Scholar
Ayalew, E. (2012). Salary and incentive structure in Ethiopian higher education. In Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L, Yudkevich, M, Androushchak, G & Pacheco, I. F. (eds.), Paying the Professoriate: a Global Comparison of Compensation and Contracts (pp. 125–35). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bachewe, F. N., Berhane, G., Minten, B., & Taffesse, A. S. (2018). Agricultural transformation in Africa? Assessing the evidence in Ethiopia. World Development, 105, 286–98.Google Scholar
Badran, A. (2000). Building capacity and creativity in science for sustainable development in the South. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 310–12). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Balaram, P. (2009). Science and engineering, theory and experiment. Current Science, 96, 321–22.Google Scholar
Bamiro, O. A. (2012). Nigeria: Toward an open market. In Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L, Yudkevich, M, Androushchak, G & Pacheco, I. F. (eds.), Paying the Professoriate: a Global Comparison of Compensation and Contracts (pp. 245–54). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barke, R. P. (1998). Authority in science and technology policy. Science Communication, 20, 116–23.Google Scholar
Barke, R. P. (2003). Politics and interests in the republic of science. Minerva, 41, 305–25.Google Scholar
Barnard, H., Cowan, R., & Müller, M. (2012). Global excellence at the expense of local diffusion, or a bridge between two worlds? Research in science and technology in the developing world. Research Policy, 41, 756–69.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. (1972). Introduction. In Barnes, B (ed.), Sociology of Science: Selected Readings (pp. 916). London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Barré, R. (1998). Indications of world science today. In UNESCO, World Science Report 1998 (pp. 2230). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Barré, R., & Papon, P. (1993). Global overview. In UNESCO, World Science Report, 1993 (pp. 139–50). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Basalla, G. (1967). The spread of western science. Science, 156(3775), 611–32.Google Scholar
Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64, 275–89.Google Scholar
Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Schiff, M. (2008). Brain Drain and Its Determinants: a Major Issue for Small States. Bonn: IZA Discussion Paper No. 3398.Google Scholar
Bell, R. M. (1988). The Development of Scientific and Technological Institutions in Africa: Some Past Patterns and Future Needs. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14–18. Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
Ben-David, D. (2008). Brain Drained. Part 1: Soaring Minds. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR).Google Scholar
Benneh, G. (2002). Research management in Africa. Higher Education Policy, 15, 249–62.Google Scholar
Berg, P. (2000). Science: a legitimate path to understanding. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 365–7). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Berlinguet, L. (1981). Science and technology for development. Science, New Series, 213, 1073–6.Google Scholar
Besley, J. C. (2016). The National Science Foundation’s science and technology survey and support for science funding, 2006–2014. Public Understanding of Science, 27, 94109.Google Scholar
Blom, A., Lan, G., & Adil, M. (2016). Sub-Saharan African Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Research: a Decade of Development. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.Google Scholar
Bonneuil, C. (2000). Development as experiment: Science and state building in late colonial and postcolonial Africa, 1930–1970. In Macleod, R (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise (Vol. 15, pp. 258–81). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Boon, G. (1979). Science and technology planning: Possibilities and limitations. In Urquidi, V. L. (ed.), Science and Technology in Development Planning: Science, Technology and Global Problems (pp. 520). Oxford: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (1999). Models of core/periphery structures. Social Networks, 21, 375–95.Google Scholar
Boshoff, N. (2009a). Neo-colonialism and research collaboration in Central Africa Scientometrics, 81, 413–34.Google Scholar
Boshoff, N. (2009b). South-South research collaboration of countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Scientometrics, 84, 481503.Google Scholar
Boshoff, N. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report–The Science and Technology System of Malawi. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Boshoff, N., & Kleiche, M. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country report – The Science and Technology System of Morocco. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Bouyahya, A., Abrinib, J., Et-Touysa, A., Bakria, Y., & Dakka, N. (2017). Indigenous knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in the North-West of Morocco and their biological activities. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 13, 925.Google Scholar
Briggs, J., & Moyo, B. (2012). The resilience of indigenous knowledge in small-scale African agriculture: Key drivers. Scottish Geographical Journal, 128, 6480.Google Scholar
Brockway, L. H. (2011). Science and colonial expansion: the role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens. In Harding, S (ed.), The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader (pp. 127–39). London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bunting, I., Cloete, N., Wah, H. L. K., & Nakayiwa-Mayega, F. (2015). Assessing the performance of African flagship universities. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 3260). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Campbell, E. K. (2007). Brain drain potential in Botswana. International Migration, 45, 115–45.Google Scholar
Cano, V. (1992). Bibliographic control and international visibility of Latin American periodical publications. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 511–26). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Carter, C. F. (1968). The distribution of scientific effort. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 3443). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Carty, A. J. (2000). R&D, innovation and the knowledge-based economy: the Canadian experience. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 370–2). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Castells, M. (1993). The university system: Engine of development in the new world economy. In Ransom, A, Khoo, S.-M. & Selvaratnam, V (eds.), Improving Higher Education in Developing Countries (pp. 6580). Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.Google Scholar
Castells, M. (2009). On Higher Education. Lecture delivered at the University of Western Cape, South Africa, 7 August.Google Scholar
Castells, M., & Tyson, L. D. A. (1989). High technology and the changing international division of production: Implications for the U.S. economy. In Purcell, R. B. (ed.), The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy: Challenges for U.S. Policy (pp. 1350). Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Chatelin, Y., Gaillard, J., & Keller, A. S. (1997). The Nigerian scientific community: the Colossus with feet of clay. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 129–54). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Cherry, M. (2010). South African science: Black, white and grey. Nature, 463, 726–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chitiga, M., Kandiero, T., & Ngwenya, P. (2008). Agricultural trade policy reform in South Africa. Agrekon, 47, 76101.Google Scholar
Choi, S. (2012). Core-periphery, new clusters, or rising stars? International scientific collaboration among ‘advanced’ countries in the era of globalization. Scientometrics, 90, 2541.Google Scholar
Clapham, C. (2017). The Ethiopian developmental state. Third World Quarterly, 39, 1151–65.Google Scholar
Cloete, N., Bailey, T., Pillay, P., Bunting, I., & Maassen, P. (2011). Universities and Economic Development in Africa. Wynberg, South Africa: Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET).Google Scholar
Cloete, N., Bunting, I., & Maassen, P. (2015a). Research universities in Africa: an empirical overview of eight flagship universities. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 1831). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Cloete, N., Maassen, P., Bunting, I., Bailey, T., Wangenge-Ouma, G., & Schalkwyk, F. v. (2015b). Managing contradictory functions and related policy issues. In Cloete, N., Maassen, P. & Bailey, T. (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 260–89). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Coccia, M., & Bozeman, B. (2016). Allometric models to measure and analyze the evolution of international research collaboration. Scientometrics, 108, 1065–84.Google Scholar
Coile, R. C. (1977). Lotka’s frequency distribution of scientific productivity. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 28, 366–70.Google Scholar
Cole, S., & Cole, J. R. (1967). Scientific output and recognition: a study of the operation of the reward system in science. American Sociological Review, 32, 377–90.Google Scholar
Colglazier, W. (1981). Science and development. Harvard International Review, 3, 67.Google Scholar
Collyer, F. (2014). Sociology, sociologists and core–periphery reflections. Journal of Sociology, 50, 252–68.Google Scholar
Confraria, H., & Godinho, M. M. (2015). The impact of African science: a bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 102, 1241–68.Google Scholar
Cooper, C. (1994). Science and Technology in Africa under Conditions of Economic Crisis and Structural Adjustment. Working paper No. 4. Maastricht: The United Nations University.Google Scholar
Cooper, C. M., & Zammit, J. A. (1964). An aspect of the planning of science in developing countries. The American Economist, 8, 1621.Google Scholar
COSTECH (Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology). (2015). Building Systems for High Quality, Relevant Research in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology.Google Scholar
Coughlan, S. (2017). How Canada Became an Education Superpower. www.bbc.com/news/business-40708421, 26 May 2018.Google Scholar
Court, D. A. (1988). Institution Building in Africa: Reflections on the University Development Program of the Rockefeller Foundation. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14–18, Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Ahimbisibwe, J., Moll, R. V., & Koedam, N. (2003). Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing. Scientometrics, 56, 329–43.Google Scholar
Dahoun, A. M. (1999). Black Africa in the Science Citation Index Scientometrics, 46, 1118.Google Scholar
Damme, L. S. M. V., & Neluvhalani, E. F. (2004). Indigenous knowledge in environmental education processes: Perspectives on a growing research arena. Environmental Education Research, 10(3), 353–70.Google Scholar
Danquah, M. (2018). Technology transfer, adoption of technology and the efficiency of nations: Empirical evidence from sub Saharan Africa. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 131, 175–82.Google Scholar
Danquah, M., Ouattara, B., & Quartey, P. (2018). Technology transfer and national efficiency: Does absorptive capacity matter? African Development Review, 30, 162–74.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P., & David, P. A. (1994). Toward a new economics of science. Research Policy, 23, 487521.Google Scholar
Davies, J., & Mullan, Z. (2016). Research capacity in Africa: Will the sun rise again? The Lancet Global Health, 4, 287.Google Scholar
Davis, C. H. (1983). Institutional sectors of ‘mainstream’ science production in sub-Saharan Africa, 1970–1979: a quantitative analysis. Scientometrics, 5, 163–75.Google Scholar
Debru, C. (2000). How modern science was born and developed. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 82–4). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Dedijer, S. (1968). Underdeveloped science in underdeveloped countries. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 143–63). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dei, G. J. S. (2000). Rethinking the role of Indigenous knowledges in the academy. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 4, 111–32.Google Scholar
Dillon, W. S. (1966). Africa Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 4, 98101.Google Scholar
Diver, S. (2017). Negotiating Indigenous knowledge at the science–policy interface: Insights from the Xáxli’p Community Forest. Environmental Science & Policy, 73, 111.Google Scholar
Diwu, C. T., & Ogunniyi, M. B. (2012). Dialogical argumentation instruction as a catalytic agent for the integration of school science with Indigenous Knowledge Systems. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16, 333–47.Google Scholar
Donda, S., & Manyungwa-Pasani, C. L. (2018). Understanding indigenous knowledge: Its role and potential in fisheries resources management in Malawi. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 21, 176–84.Google Scholar
Dorosh, P., & Rashid, S. (2012). Introduction. In Dorosh, P & Rashid, S (eds.), Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges (pp. 120). Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania University Press.Google Scholar
Dow, M. M. (1988). Issues in African Scientific Institution Building. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14–18, Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2002). South Africa’s National Research and Development Strategy. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, The Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2010). Corporate Strategy, 2009/10. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2013). 2012/13 Report on Public Funding for Scientific and Technological Activities. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2015a). Annual Report 2014/15 Financial Year. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (2015b). Strategic Plan for the Fiscal Years, 2015–2020. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
DST (Department of Science and Technology). (n.d.). Ten-Year Innovation Plan. Pretoria: Department of Science and Technology, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
Dubow, S. (2000). Introduction. In Dubow, S (ed.), Science and Society in Southern Africa (pp. 110). Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Durant, J. (2000). Public perception of science: Between acceptance and rejection. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 256–9). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Dyll, L. (2018). Indigenous environmental knowledge and challenging dualisms in development: Observations from the Kalahari. Development in Practice, 28, 332–44.Google Scholar
ECA (Economic Commission for Africa). (2016). Assessing Regional Integration in Africa (ARIA VII): Innovation, Competitiveness and Regional Integration. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.Google Scholar
Ecuru, J., & Kawooya, D. (2015). Effective innovation policies for development: Uganda. In Dutta, S, Lanvin, B & Wunsch-Vincent, S (eds.), The Global Innovation Index 2015: Effective Innovation Policies for Development (pp. 147–52). Geneva: The World Intellectual Property Organization.Google Scholar
Ehikhamenor, F. A. (1988). Perceived state of science in Nigerian universities. Scientometrics, 13, 225–38.Google Scholar
Ehikhamenor, F. A. (1990). Productivity of physical scientists in Nigerian universities in relation to communication variables. Scientometrics, 18, 437–44.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O. (1979). The implantation of science in Nigeria and Kenya. Minerva, 17, 504–26.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O. (1980). African academics: a study of scientists at the universities of Ibadan and Nairobi. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 448, 126–38.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O. (1981). Scientific life in Indian and African universities: a comparative study of peripherality in science. Comparative Education Review, 25, 164–82.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O. (1986). Foreign training and foreign assistance for university development in Kenya: Too much of a good thing? International Journal of Educational Development 6, 113.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O., & Davis, C. H. (1991). Can the quality of scientific training and research in Africa be improved? Minerva, 29, 126.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O., & Davis, C. H. (1992). Universities and scientific research capacity. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 27, 6893.Google Scholar
Eisemon, T. O., & Davis, C. H. (1997). Kenya: Crisis in the scientific community. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 105–28). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Elalami, J., Dore, J. C., & Miquel, J. F. (1992). International scientific collaboration in Arab countries. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 357–71). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
El-Khawas, M. A. (2004). Brain drain: Putting Africa between a rock and a hard place. Mediterranean Quarterly, 15, 3756.Google Scholar
Elmslie, B., & Criss, A. J. (1999). Theories of convergence and growth in the classical period: the role of science, technology and trade. Economica, 66, 135–49.Google Scholar
Enos, E. L. (1995). In Pursuit of Science and Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Esau, S. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – The Science and Technology System of Kenya. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Esau, S., & Khelfaoui, H. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – The Science and Technology System of Algeria. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Eslami, H., Ebadi, A., & Schiffauerova, A. (2013). Effect of collaboration network structure on knowledge creation and technological performance: the case of biotechnology in Canada. Scientometrics, 97, 99119.Google Scholar
Essack, S. Y., Naidoo, I., & Barnes, G. (2010). Government funding as leverage for quality teaching and learning: a South African perspective. Higher Education Management and Policy, 22, 113.Google Scholar
Essegbey, G., Diaby, N., & Konte, A. (2015). West Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (pp. 471–97). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
ESTA (Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency) (2006). National Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: The Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency.Google Scholar
FDRE (The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). (2012). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. Addis Ababa: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.Google Scholar
Fedderke, J. W., & Goldschmidt, M. (2015). Does massive funding support of researchers work? Evaluating the impact of the South African research chair funding initiative. Research Policy, 44, 467–82.Google Scholar
FRN (Federal Republic of Nigeria). (2004). National Policy on Education (4th ed.). Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council.Google Scholar
Ferreira, E. de. S. (1974). Portuguese Colonialism in Africa: the End of an Era. Paris: The UNESCO Press.Google Scholar
FGOS (Federal Government of Somalia). (n.d.). National Development Plan, 2017–2019. Mogadishu: Federal Government of Somalia.Google Scholar
Foray, D. (2000). Building a new social contract. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 361–4). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Forje, J. W. (1979). Science and technology: the African search for a third way to development. Alternatives, 4, 355–69.Google Scholar
Forje, J. W. (1989). Science and Technology in Africa. Essex: Longman.Google Scholar
Forje, J. W. (1992). The role and effectiveness of national science and technology policy-making bodies in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 28, 1230.Google Scholar
Frame, D. J., Narin, F., & Carpenter, M. P. (1977). The distribution of world science. Social Studies of Science, 7, 501–16.Google Scholar
Freudenthal, S. (2014). Tracing Research Capacities in Tanzania: a Study of Tanzanian PhD Holders Trained within the Tanzania–Sweden Research Cooperation. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.Google Scholar
Frey, B. S., & Neckermann, S. (2008). Academics Appreciate Rewards: a New Aspect of Incentives in Research. Working Paper No. 400. Zurich: Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich.Google Scholar
FRON (Federal Republic of Nigeria). (2011). Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy. Abuja: Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.Google Scholar
Fusfeld, H. I. (1979). Overview of science and technology policy 1979. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1, 126.Google Scholar
Gabler, J., & Frank, D. J. (2005). The natural sciences in the university: Change and variation over the 20th century. Sociology of Education, 78, 183206.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (1991). Scientists in the Third World. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (1992a). Science policies and cooperation in Africa: Trends in the production and utilization of knowledge. Science Communication, 14, 212–33.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (1992b). Use of publication lists to study scientific production and strategies of scientists in developing countries. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 439–56). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (1994). North-South research partnership: Is collaboration possible between unequal partners? Knowledge and Policy, 2, 195228.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (1997). The Senegalese scientific community: Africanization, dependence and crisis. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 155–82). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (2000). Science in Africa at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Country Report Tanzania. Paris: IRD (Institut de Recherches pour le Développement).Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (2003a). Overcoming the scientific generation gap in Africa: an urgent priority. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 28, 1525.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. (2003b). Tanzania: a case of ‘dependent science’. Science, Technology & Society, 8, 317–43.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J., Hassan, M., & Waast, R., with Schaffer, D. (2005). Africa. In UNESCO Science Report 2005 (pp. 177201). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J., & Khelfaoui, H., with Ngatchou, N. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – the Science and Technology System of Cameroon. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J., Krishna, V. V., & Waast, R. (1997). Introduction: Scientific communities in the developing world. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 1149). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J., & Tullberg, F. A. (2001). Questionnaire survey of African scientists, IFS grantees and INCO beneficiaries (Report No. 2). Stockholm: International Foundation for Science.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J., & Waast, R. (1992). The uphill emergence of scientific communities in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 27, 4167.Google Scholar
Garfield, E. (1990). Michael J. Moravcsik: Multidimensionals scholar and hero of third world science. Journalology, 13, 912.Google Scholar
Gathiram, P., & Hänninen, O. (2014). Medicine and medical sciences in Africa. Pathophysiology, 21, 129–33.Google Scholar
Gaudin, T. (2000). The feasibility of science foresight: What are the priorities? In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 316–19). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Gazni, A., & Ghaseminik, Z. (2019). The increasing dominance of science in the economy: Which nations are successful? Scientometrics, 120, 1411–26.Google Scholar
Gazni, A., Lariviére, V., & Didegah, F. (2016). The effect of collaborators on institutions’ scientific impact. Scientometrics, 109, 1209–30.Google Scholar
Gazni, A., Sugimoto, C. R., & Didegah, F. (2012). Mapping world scientific collaboration: Authors, institutions, and countries. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63, 323–35.Google Scholar
GCIS (Government Communications). (2015). Science and technology. In Tibane, E & Honwane, M (eds.), South Africa Yearbook 2014/15 (pp. 339–54). Pretoria: Government Communications, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
Gemedo-Dalle, J. I., & Maass, B. L. (2006). Indigenous ecological knowledge of Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia and current challenges. The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 13, 113–30.Google Scholar
Gerdin, A. (2002). Productivity and economic growth in Kenyan agriculture, 1964–1996. Agricultural Economics, 27, 713.Google Scholar
Gibbons, M. (1999). Science’s new social contract with society. Nature, 402, C81C84.Google Scholar
Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P., & Trow, M. (1994). The New Production of Knowledge: the Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Gladwell, M. (2009). Outliers: the Story of Success. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Glatz, F. (2000). Opening address: Science in the 21st century. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 1821). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
GOBF (Government of Burkina Faso). (2016). National Plan for Economic and Social Development (PNDES), 2016–2020. Ouagadougou: Government of Burkina Faso.Google Scholar
Godin, B. (2005). Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology: 1930s to the Present. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Godin, B., & Gingras, Y. (2000). The place of universities in the system of knowledge production. Research Policy, 29, 273–8.Google Scholar
Goldemberg, J. (1998). What is the role of science in developing countries? Science, 279, 1140–1.Google Scholar
GOM (Government of Malawi). (n.d.). Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II, 2011–2016. Lilongwe: Department of Development Planning, Government of Malawi.Google Scholar
GOROU (Government of the Republic of Uganda). (2009). National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. Kampala: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Development, Government of the Republic of Uganda.Google Scholar
GOROU (Government of the Republic of Uganda). (2013). Uganda Vision 2040. Kampala: Government of the Republic of Uganda.Google Scholar
Gow, J., & Parton, K. A. (1992). The evolution of Kenyan agricultural policy. Paper presented at the Australian Agricultural Economics Society Conference, Canberra.Google Scholar
GOZ (Government of Zimbabwe). (2012). Second Science, Technology and Innovation Policy of Zimbabwe. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Grange, L. L. (2007). Integrating western and indigenous knowledge Systems: the basis for effective science education in South Africa? International Review of Education, 53, 577–91.Google Scholar
Green, L. J. F. (2012). Beyond South Africa’s ‘indigenous knowledge–science’ wars. South African Journal of Science, 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajs.v4108i4107/4108.4631.Google Scholar
Gruhn, I. V. (1984). Towards scientific and technological independence? The Journal of Modern African Studies, 22, 117.Google Scholar
Gulland, A. (2012). Uganda launches vaccine programme to fight its commonest cancer. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 345, 4.Google Scholar
Gupta, B. M., & Karisiddippa, C. R. (1999). Collaboration and author productivity: a study with a new variable in Lotka’s Law. Scientometrics, 44, 129–34.Google Scholar
Hackmann, H., & Boulton, G. (2015). Science for a sustainable and just world: a new framework for global science policy? In UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (pp. 1214). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Hagopian, A., Thompson, M. J., Fordyce, M., Johnson, K. E., & Hart, L. G. (2004). The migration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States of America: Measures of the African brain drain. Human Resources for Health, 2(17). www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/1.Google Scholar
Hans, B. (2016). Free varsity access the key. The Mercury, 20 December, p. 2.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (2011). Beyond postcolonial theory: Two undertheorized perspectives on science and technology. In Harding, S (ed.), The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader (pp. 131). London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hassan, M. H. A. (2001). Can science save Africa? Science, 292, 1609.Google Scholar
Hassan, M. H. A. (2007). Editorial: a new dawn for science in Africa. Science, New Series, 316, 1813.Google Scholar
He, Z.-L., Geng, X.-S., & Campbell-Hunt, C. (2009). Research collaboration and research output: a longitudinal study of 65 biomedical scientists in a New Zealand university. Research Policy, 38, 306–17.Google Scholar
Hetman, F. (1979). Planning: Perspective analysis and science and technology policy. In Urquidi, V. L. (ed.), Science and Technology in Development Planning: Science, Technology and Global Problems (pp. 2132). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Hewitt, T., & Albu, M. (1998). Structural adjustment, industrialisation and technological capabilities in Africa. Science, Technology & Society, 3, 335–64.Google Scholar
Hicks, D. M., & Katz, J. S. (1996). Where is science going? Science, Technology and Human Values, 21, 379406.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, J. H. (1929a). Africa and science. Science, New Series, 70, 269–74.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, J. H. (1929b). Africa and science II. Science, New Series, 70, 294–9.Google Scholar
Hooli, L. J., & Jauhiainen, J. S. (2018). Building an innovation system and indigenous knowledge in Namibia. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 10, 183–96.Google Scholar
Hoyningen-Huene, P. (2000). The nature of science. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 52–6). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Hu, Z., Chen, C., & Liu, Z. (2013). How are collaboration and productivity correlated at various career stages of scientists? Paper presented at the 14th International Society of Scientometrics and Informetrics Conference, 15–19 July, Vienna.Google Scholar
Hubbard, G. G. (1889). Africa, its past and future. Science, 13, 4250.Google Scholar
Hudu, A. (2015). Working and living conditions of academic staff in Nigeria: Strategies for survival at Ahmadu Bello university. In Lebeau, Y & Ogunsanya, M (eds.), The Dilemma of Post-Colonial Universities (pp. 209–40). Ibadan: IFRA/ABB.Google Scholar
Hung, W.-C., Lee, L.-C., & Tsai, M.-M. (2009). An international comparison of relative contributions to academic productivity. Scientometrics, 81, 703–18.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. (2005). The role of information technologies in indigenous knowledge management. Australian Academic & Research Libraries, 36, 109–24.Google Scholar
IAC (Inter Academy Council). (2004). Inventing a Better Future: a Strategy for Building Worldwide Capacities in Science and Technology. Amsterdam: Inter Academy Council.Google Scholar
IAP (Inter Academy Partnership). (2016). Doing Global Science: a Guide to Responsible Conduct in the Global Research Enterprise. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
ICIPE (1988). The new challenge of science and technology for development Africa. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14‒18, Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
ICSU (International Council for Science). (2005). Science and Society: Rights and Responsibilities. Paris: International Council for Science.Google Scholar
IEP (Institute for Economics and Peace). (2016). Global Peace Index 2016. New York, NY: Institute for Economics and Peace.Google Scholar
Iganiga, B. O., & Unemhilin, D. O. (2017). The impact of federal government agricultural expenditure on agricultural output in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 2, 81–8.Google Scholar
Ikram, K. (2006). The Egyptian Economy, 1952–2000: Performance, Policies and Issues. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Imam, H. (2012). Educational policy in Nigeria from the colonial era to the post-independence period. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 1, 181204.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2012). Burkina Faso: Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development 2011–2015. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund Publication Services.Google Scholar
Ingwersen, P., & Jacobs, D. (2004). South African research in selected scientific areas: Status 1981–2000. Scientometrics, 59, 405–23.Google Scholar
Inkster, I. (1985). Scientific enterprise and the colonial ‘Model’: Observations on Australian experience in historical context. Social Studies of Science, 15, 677704.Google Scholar
Inönü, E. (2003). The influence of cultural factors on scientific production. Scientometrics, 56, 137–46.Google Scholar
Irikefe, V., Vaidyanathan, G., Nordling, L., Twahirwa, A., Nakkazi, E., & Monastersky, R. (2011). Science in Africa: View from the front line. Nature, 474, 556–9.Google Scholar
Ivowi, U. M. O. (1998). Curriculum and content of education. In UNESCO (ed.), The State of Education in Nigeria (pp. 2233). Lagos: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Jacobs, D., & Ingwersen, P. (2000). A bibliometric study of the publication patterns in the sciences of South African scholars, 1981–96. Scientometrics, 47, 7593.Google Scholar
Jalali, A. (2000). Science, development and globalization. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the twenty-First century – a new commitment (pp. 303–6). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Jauhiainen, J. S., & Hooli, L. (2017). Indigenous knowledge and developing countries’ innovation Systems: the case of Namibia. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 1, 89106.Google Scholar
Jeenah, M., & Pouris, A. (2008). South African research in the context of Africa and globally. South African Journal of Science, 104, 351–4.Google Scholar
Jomo, K. S. (2004). The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar
Jonathan, A., Christopher, K., & Daniel, H. (2010). Global Research Report Africa. Leeds: Evidence, Thomson Reuters.Google Scholar
Jones, N., Bailey, M., & Lyytikäinen, M. (2007). Research Capacity Strengthening in Africa: Trends, Gaps and Opportunities. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Juma, C., & Clark, N. (1995). Policy research in Sub-Saharan Africa: an exploration. Public Administration and Development, 15, 121–37.Google Scholar
Juma, C., & Yee-Cheong, L. (2005). Reinventing global health: the role of science, technology, and innovation. The Lancet, 365, 1105–7.Google Scholar
Kaba, A. J. (2011). The status of Africa’s emigration brain drain in the 21st century. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 35, 187–95.Google Scholar
Kagame, P. (2009). Challenges and prospects of advancing science and technology in Africa: the case of Rwanda. Science, 322, 545–51.Google Scholar
Kalipeni, E., Semu, L. L., & Mbilizi, M. A. (2012). The brain drain of health care professionals from sub-Saharan Africa: a geographic perspective. Progress in Development Studies, 12, 153–71.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D. (2004). South Africa’s national research and development strategy: a review. Science, Technology and Society, 9, 273–94.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D. (2008). Science and technology policy in South Africa: Past performance and proposals for the future. Science, Technology & Society, 13, 95122.Google Scholar
Kargbo, J. A. (2005). Managing indigenous knowledge: What role for public librarians in Sierra Leone? The International Information & Library Review, 37, 199207.Google Scholar
Karlovčec, M., Lužar, B., & Mladenić, D. (2016). Core-periphery dynamics in collaboration networks: the case study of Slovenia. Scientometrics, 109, 1561–78.Google Scholar
Kashim, I. B., & Adelabu, O. S. (2010). The current emphasis on science and technology in Nigeria: Dilemmas for Art education. Leonardo, 43, 269–73.Google Scholar
Keay, R. (1976). Scientific cooperation in Africa. African Affairs, 75, 8697.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. (2001). Editorial: Science and development. Science, New Series, 294, 2053.Google Scholar
Kenz, A. E., & Waast, R. (1997). Sisyphus or the scientific communities of Algeria. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 5380). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Khelfaoui, H. (2004). Scientific research in Algeria institutionalisation versus professionalisation. Science, Technology & Society, 9, 75101.Google Scholar
Khelfaoui, H. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – The Science and Technology System of Burkina Faso. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Khor, K. A., & Yu, L.-G. (2016). Influence of international co-authorship on the research citation impact of young universities. Scientometrics, 107, 1095–110.Google Scholar
Kibuka‐Sebitosi, E. (2006). Lessons from Ugandan indigenous knowledge systems regarding the management of HIV and AIDS. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies in Higher Education, 1, 111–28.Google Scholar
Kigotho, W. (2013). Migration and brain drain from Africa acute. University World News (291). www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20131011121316706.Google Scholar
King, D. A. (2004). The scientific impact of nations. Nature, 430, 311–16.Google Scholar
Kirkland, J., & Ajai-Ajagbe, P. (2013). Research Management in African Universities: From Awareness Raising to Developing Structures. London: The Association of Commonwealth Universities.Google Scholar
Klein, J. (2011). Indigenous knowledge and education: the case of the Nama people in Namibia. Education as Change, 15, 8194.Google Scholar
Koenig, R. (2007). Egypt plans a shakeup of research programs. Science, New Series, 317, 30.Google Scholar
Kolinsky, M. (1985). The growth of Nigerian universities 1948–1980: the British share. Minerva, 23, 2961.Google Scholar
Kowalski, P., Lattimore, R., & Bottini, N. (2009). South Africa’s Trade and Growth. OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 91, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Kraemer–Mbula, E., & Scerri, M. (2015). Southern Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (pp. 535–65). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Krieger, E. M. (2000). Scientific capabilities in the research on basic needs for development. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 104–6). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Krishna, V. V. (2014). Changing social relations between science and society: Contemporary challenges. Science, Technology & Society, 19, 133–59.Google Scholar
Krishna, V. V., Waast, R., & Gaillard, J. (1998). Globalization and scientific communities in developing countries. In UNESCO, World Science Report 1998 (pp. 273–87). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Krishna, V. V., Waast, R., & Gaillard, J. (2000). The changing structure of science in developing countries. Science, Technology & Society, 5, 209–24.Google Scholar
Kwapong, A. A. (1988). African scientific and technological institution building and the role of international co-operation. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14–18. Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
Lakitan, B., Hidayat, D., & Herlinda, S. (2012). Scientific productivity and the collaboration intensity of Indonesian universities and public R&D institutions: Are there dependencies on collaborative R&D with foreign institutions? Technology in Society, 34, 227–38.Google Scholar
Lancaster, F. W., & Abdullah, S. B. (1992). Science and politics: Some bibliometric analysis. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 319–31). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Lancet, The (2009). Strengthening research capacity in Africa. Editorial. Lancet, 374, 1.Google Scholar
Landini, F., Malerba, F., & Mavilia, R. (2015). The structure and dynamics of networks of scientific collaborations in Northern Africa. Scientometrics, 105, 1787–807.Google Scholar
Lane, N. (2000). The scientist as global citizen. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 41–4). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Lawler, A. (2011). A new day for Egyptian science? Science, New Series, 333, 278–84.Google Scholar
Lebeau, Y. (2003). Extraversion strategies within a peripheral research community: Nigerian Scientists’ responses to the state and changing patterns of international science and development cooperation. Science, Technology & Society, 8, 183213.Google Scholar
Lebeau, Y., Onyeonoru, I., & Ukah, F. K. (2000). Science in Africa at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Country Report Nigeria, Rapport pays. Paris: IRD (Institut de Recherches pour le Développement).Google Scholar
Lee, S., & Bozeman, B. (2005). The impact of research collaboration on scientific productivity. Social Studies of Science, 35, 673702.Google Scholar
Lemma, A. (1988). Science and Technology in Africa: Some Reflections on Lessons learned and Prospects and Challenges for the Future. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa. March 14–18, Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
Lewin, K. M. (2009). Access to education in sub‐Saharan Africa: Patterns, problems and possibilities. Comparative Education, 45, 151–74.Google Scholar
Lewison, G., Kumar, S., Wong, C.-Y., Roe, P., & Webber, R. (2016). The contribution of ethnic groups to Malaysian scientific output, 1982–2014, and the effects of the new economic policy. Scientometrics, 109, 1877–93.Google Scholar
Liao, C., Ruelle, M. L., & Kassam, K.-A. S. (2016). Indigenous ecological knowledge as the basis for adaptive environmental management: Evidence from pastoralist communities in the Horn of Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 182, 70–9.Google Scholar
Licari, J. (1997). Economic Reform in Egypt in a Changing Global Economy. Working Paper No. 129. Paris: OECD Development Centre.Google Scholar
Liebenberg, F., & Pardey, P. G. (2011). South African agricultural R&D: Policies and public institutions, 1880–2007. Agrekon, 50, 115.Google Scholar
Liebenberg, F., Pardey, P. G., & Kahn, M. (2011). South African agricultural R&D investments: Sources, structure, and trends, 1910–2007. Agrekon, 50, 126.Google Scholar
Lipsey, R. G. (2001). Understanding technological change: East West Center Working Papers (Vol. 13). Honolulu, HA: East West Center.Google Scholar
Lipsey, R. G. (2009). Economic growth related to mutually interdependent institutions and technology. Journal of Institutional Economics, 5, 259–88.Google Scholar
Lipsey, R. G., Carlaw, K. I., & Bekar, C. T. (2005). Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Longer Term Economic Growth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lomnitz, L., & Salord, S. G. (1992). Ambiguities and discrepancies in the criteria for evaluating technological research in Mexico. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 115–24). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Long, F. A. (1981). Role of scientists in the development of science policy. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 1, 225–33.Google Scholar
Lotka, A. J. (1926). The frequency of distribution of scientific productivity. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 16(12), 317–23.Google Scholar
Loyson, P. (2011). Chemistry in the time of the Pharaohs. Journal of Chemical Education, 88, 146–50.Google Scholar
Lubchenco, J. (2000). A new social contract for science. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 278–80). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Lubowa, M. W. (1992). Access to national and international scientific information as revealed by scientific activities in three peripheral countries. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 487–95). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Lwoga, E. T., Ngulube, P., & Stilwell, C. (2010). Managing indigenous knowledge for sustainable agricultural development in developing countries: Knowledge management approaches in the social context. The International Information & Library Review, 42, 174–85.Google Scholar
Maassen, P. (2012). Universities and the effects of external funding: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Nordic countries. In Nelson, A. R. & Wei, I. P. (eds.), The Global University: Past, Present and Future Perspectives (pp. 231–54). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
MacGregor, K. (2009). Africa: Higher education and development. University World News, 96. www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2009101110573812. 6 December 2016.Google Scholar
Macías-Chapula, C. A., & Mijangos-Nolasco, A. (2002). Bibliometric analysis of AIDS literature in Central Africa. Scientometrics, 54, 309–17.Google Scholar
Macleod, R. (1996). Reading the discourse of colonial science. In Petitjean, P (ed.), Les Sciences Coloniales: Figures et Institutions (Vol. 2, pp. 8796). Paris: L’institfurta Nçaidse Recherchsec Ientifipquoeu Rle Développement En Cooperation.Google Scholar
Macnaghten, P., & Chilvers, J. (2014). The future of science governance: Publics, policies, practices. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32, 530–48.Google Scholar
Madikizela, M. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – The Science and Technology System of the Republic of Tunisia. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Madox, J. (1968). Choice and the scientific community. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 4462). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Makgetlaneng, S. (2003). South African economic and trade policy in Africa: a critical analysis. African Journal of Political Science, 8, 87107.Google Scholar
Malcom, S., Cetto, A. M., Dickson, D., Gaillard, J., Schaeffer, D., & Quere, Y. (2002). Science Education and Capacity Building for Sustainable Development. Paris: International Council for Science.Google Scholar
Mamo, A., Mekuriaw, A., & Woldehanna, F. (2014). IFS-AAS Project on Developing an Enabling Scientific Equipment Policy in Africa: Ethiopia Country Study. Addis Ababa: International Foundation for Science and MacArthur Foundation.Google Scholar
Manyaka, J. (2006). Tracing a sound knowledge base from indigenous knowledge: the integration of indigenous and Western medical systems. South African Journal of African Languages, 26, 6976.Google Scholar
Martin, B. R. (2012). The evolution of science policy and innovation studies. Research Policy, 41, 1219–39.Google Scholar
Marton-Lefèvre, J. (2000). International cooperation in science. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 6672). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Matemba, Y. H., & Lilemba, J. M. (2015). Challenging the status quo: Reclaiming indigenous knowledge through Namibia’s postcolonial education system. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 9, 159–74.Google Scholar
Matsuura, K. (2000). S&T cooperation and the role of Asia. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 378–81). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Maunganidze, L. (2016). A moral compass that slipped: Indigenous knowledge systems and rural development in Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.23312016.21266749.Google Scholar
Mazrui, A. A. (2002). Brain drain between counterterrorism and globalization. African Issues, 30, 8689.Google Scholar
Mbarga, G. (2000). L’Afrique refuse-t-elle la science? In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 298300). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
McConney, A., Oliver, M. C., Woods-McConney, A., Schibeci, Renato, & Maor, D. (2014). Inquiry, engagement, and literacy in science: a retrospective, cross-national analysis using PISA 2006. Science Education, 98, 963–80.Google Scholar
Mêgnigbêto, E. (2013a). International collaboration in scientific publishing: the case of West Africa (2001–2010). Scientometrics, 96, 761–83.Google Scholar
Mêgnigbêto, E. (2013b). Scientific publishing in West Africa: Comparing Benin with Ghana and Senegal. Scientometrics, 95, 1113–39.Google Scholar
Meneghini, R. (1992). Brazilian production in biochemistry: International versus domestic publication. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 457–85). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1937). Science, population and society. The Scientific Monthly, 44, 165–71.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1938). Science and the social order. Philosophy of Science, 5, 321–37.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1939). Science and the economy of seventeenth century England. Science and Society, 3, 327.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1942). Science and technology in a democratic order. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1, 115–26.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew Effect in science: the reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science, New Series, 159, 5663.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1969). Behaviour patterns of scientists. American Scientist, 57, 123.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1973). The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (edited and with an introduction by Storer, Norman W.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1978). Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England. New Jersey: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1988). The Matthew Effect in science, II: Cumulative advantage and the symbolism of intellectual property. Isis, 79, 606–3.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. (1995). The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect. Social Forces, 74, 379424.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K., with Barber, B. (1973). Sorokin’s formulations in the sociology of science. In Merton, R. K., The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (pp. 142–72). (edited and with an introduction by Storer, Norman W.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.-B. (1997). Science and technology in South Africa: a new society in the making. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 183204). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Michelson, E. S. (2006). The transformation of African academies of science: the evolution of new institutions. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 26, 419–29.Google Scholar
Midgley, M. (2005). Mapping science: in memory of John Ziman. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 30, 195–7.Google Scholar
Mills, G. (2016). Why Africa Is Poor. Cape Town: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Mkandawire, T. (1994). Social sciences in Africa: Some lessons for South Africa. South African Sociological Review, 6, 113.Google Scholar
Moahi, K. H. (2012). Promoting African indigenous knowledge in the knowledge economy: Exploring the role of higher education and libraries. Aslib Proceedings, 64, 540–54.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1966). Some practical suggestions for the improvement of science in developing countries. Minerva, 4, 381–90.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1973). The transmission of a scientific civilization. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 29, 25–8.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1975). Science Development: the Building of Science in Less Developed Countries. Bloomington, IN: Program for Advanced Studies in Institution Building and Technical Assistance Methodology, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1982). The effectiveness of research in developing countries. Social Studies of Science, 12, 114–47.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1983). The role of science in technology transfer. Research Policy, 12, 287–96.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1984). Can we plan science? (semantics and pitfalls). Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 4, 361–78.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1985). Science in the developing countries: an unexplored and fruitful area for research in science studies. 4S Review, 3, 213.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1986a). The prospect of scientific growth in poor countries. Minerva, 24, 137–42.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1986b). Two perceptions of science development. Research Policy, 15, 111.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1987). Science policy and development in the third world. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 7, 598604.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J. (1989). Dependence and science scenarios for the Third World. Social Science Information, 28, 445–52.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J., & Ziman, J. M. (1975). Paradisia and dominatia: Science and the developing world. Foreign Affairs, 53, 699724.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, M. J., Ziman, J., & Szmant, H. H. (1975). Third world science and technology. Science, New Series, 190, 938Google Scholar
Morley, B., & Perdikis, N. (2000). Trade liberalisation, government expenditure, and economic growth in Egypt. Journal of development Studies, 36, 3854.Google Scholar
Mouton, J. (2008). Africa’s science decline: the challenge of building scientific institutions. Harvard International Review, 30, 4651.Google Scholar
Mouton, J., & Boshoff, N. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – the Science and Technology System of Ethiopia. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Mouton, J., & Gevers, W. (2010). Introduction. In Diab, R & Gevers, W (eds.), The State of Science in South Africa (pp. 3967). Pretoria: ASSAf.Google Scholar
Mouton, J., & Hackmann, H. (1997). Survey on Scholarship, Research and Development. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies for the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, the Government of the Republic of South Africa.Google Scholar
Mouton, J., & Waast, R. (2009). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Synthesis Report. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Mouton, J., Gaillard, J., & Lill, M. v. (2015). Functions of science granting councils in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 148–71). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
MPCDU & UNDP (Ministry of Planning and Communal Development/Forecasting Unit and United Nations Development Programme). (2011). Complete Vision Burundi 2025. Burundi: Ministry of Planning and Communal Development/Forecasting Unit and United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Mubangizi, J., & Kaya, H. (2015). African indigenous knowledge systems and human rights: Implications for higher education. International Journal of African Renaissance Studies – Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity, 10, 125–42.Google Scholar
Muriithi, P., Horner, D., Pemberton, L., & Wao, H. (2018). Factors influencing research collaborations in Kenyan universities. Research Policy, 47, 8897.Google Scholar
Musiige, G., & Maassen, P. (2015). Faculty perceptions of the factors that influence research productivity at Makerere University. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 109–27). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Mutapi, F. (2012). Advances in parasite control in Africa: From basic science to translation. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2012, 12.Google Scholar
Nagtegaal, L. W., & de Brun, R. E. (1994). The French connection and other neo-colonial patterns in the global network of science. Research Evaluation, 4, 119–27.Google Scholar
Narváez-Berthelemot, N., Russel, J. M., Arvanitis, R., Waast, R., & Gaillard, J. (2002). Science in Africa: an overview of mainstream scientific output. Scientometrics, 54, 229–41.Google Scholar
Nasir, A., Ali, T. M., Shahdin, S., & Rahman, T. U. (2011). Technology Achievement Index 2009: Ranking and comparative study of nations. Scientometrics, 87, 4162.Google Scholar
Nature Index. (2014). Africa. Nature Index Global, S9293.Google Scholar
Ndemo, B. (2015). Effective innovation policies for development: the case of Kenya. In Dutta, S, Lanvin, B & Wunsch-Vincent, S (eds.), The Global Innovation Index 2015: Effective Innovation Policies for Development (pp. 131–8). Geneva: The World Intellectual Property Organization.Google Scholar
NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development). (2005). Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action. Johannesburg: NEPAD.Google Scholar
NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development). (2011). NEPAD: a Continental Thrust: Advancing Africa’s Development. Johannesburg: NEPAD.Google Scholar
Ngwainmbi, E. K. (2000). Africa in the global infosupermarket: Perspectives and prospects. Journal of Black Studies, 30, 534–52.Google Scholar
Nicholls, P. T. (1989). Bibliometric modeling processes and the empirical validity of Lotka’s Law. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 40, 379–85.Google Scholar
Nordling, L. (2010a). African nations vow to support science. Nature, 465, 994–5.Google Scholar
Nordling, L. (2010b). Ethiopia launches first science academy. Nature, doi:10.1038/news.2010.173.Google Scholar
Nordling, L. (2014). Africa science plan attacked. Nature, 510, 454–3.Google Scholar
Nour, S. S. O. M. (2005). Science and technology development indicators in the Arab region: a comparative study of Arab gulf and Mediterranean countries. Science, Technology & Society, 10, 249–74.Google Scholar
Nour, S. S. O. M. (2011). National, regional and global perspectives of higher education and science policies in the Arab region. Minerva, 49, 387423.Google Scholar
Nour, S. S. O. M. (2012). Assessment of science and technology indicators in Sudan. Science, Technology & Society, 17, 323–54.Google Scholar
Nowotny, H., Scott, P., & Gibbons, M. (2003). ‘Mode 2’ revisited: the new production of knowledge. Minerva, 41, 179–94.Google Scholar
NPCA (NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency). (2014). African Innovation Outlook 2014. Pretoria: NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency.Google Scholar
Ntiri, D. W. (1993). Africa’s educational dilemma: Roadblocks to universal literacy for social integration and change. International Review of Education, 39, 357–72.Google Scholar
Nwagwu, N. A. (1998). Management, structure and financing of education. In UNESCO (ed.), The State of Education in Nigeria (pp. 1021). Lagos: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Nwagwu, W. E., & Iheanetu, O. (2011). Use of scientific information sources by policymakers in the science and technology sector of Nigeria. African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 21, 5971.Google Scholar
Nyiira, Z. M. (2005). New Directions for Namibia’s Science and Technology Sector: Towards a Science and Technology Plan. Report submitted to UNESCO and the Government of the Republic of Namibia.Google Scholar
Oanda, I., & Sall, E. (2016). From peril to promise: Repositioning higher education for the reconstruction of Africa’s future. International Journal of African Higher Education, 3, 5178.Google Scholar
OAU (Organization of African Unity). (1981). Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa, 1980–2000. Addis Ababa: Organization of African Unity.Google Scholar
Odhiambo, T. R. (1967). East Africa: Science for development. Science, New Series, 158, 876–81.Google Scholar
Odhiambo, T. R. (1993). Africa. In UNESCO, World Science Report, 1993 (pp. 8695). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Odhiambo, T. R. (2000). The responsibility of science in the alleviation of poverty in the world. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 118–20). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2000). Science, technology and innovation in the new economy. OECD Observer, www.oecd.org/science/sci-tech/1918259.pdf. Accessed 15 April 2017.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2006). OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: South Africa. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2015). OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Nigeria 2015. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2016). Main Science and Technology Indicators. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD-UNDESA (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development-United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division). (2013). World Migration in Figures. Paris: OECD-UNDESA.Google Scholar
OECD-World Bank. (2010). Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Egypt 2010. Paris: OECD/The International Bank Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.Google Scholar
OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2008). Reviews of National Policies for Education: South Africa. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Okeke, I. N. (2010). African researchers underrepresented. Science, New Series, 328(5982), 1103.Google Scholar
Okoti, M., Keya1, G. A., Esilaba, A. O., & Cheruiyot, H. (2006). Indigenous technical knowledge for resource monitoring in Northern Kenya. Journal of Human Ecology, 20, 183–9.Google Scholar
Olaore, A. Y., & Drolet, J. (2017). Indigenous knowledge, beliefs, and cultural practices for children and families in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 26, 254–70.Google Scholar
Oluwatoyese, O. P., Applanaidu, S. D., & Razak, N. A. A. (2016). Macroeconomic factors and agricultural sector in Nigeria. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 562–70.Google Scholar
Omolewa, M. (2008). Adult literacy in Africa: the push and pull factors. International Review of Education, 54, 697711.Google Scholar
Ondari-Okemwa, E. (2007). Scholarly publishing in sub-Saharan Africa in the twenty-first century: Challenges and opportunities. First Monday, 12, http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1966/1842.Google Scholar
Onwu, G., & Mosimege, M. (2004). Indigenous knowledge systems and science and technology education: a dialogue. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 8, 112.Google Scholar
Onyancha, O. B. (2011). Research collaborations between South Africa and other countries, 1986–2005: an informetric analysis. African Journal of Library & Information Science, 21, 99112.Google Scholar
Onyancha, O. B., & Maluleka, J. R. (2011). Knowledge production through collaborative research in sub-Saharan Africa: How much do countries contribute to each other’s knowledge output and citation impact? Scientometrics, 87, 315–36.Google Scholar
Osabutey, E. L. C., & Jin, Z. (2016). Factors influencing technology and knowledge transfer: Configurational recipes for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research, 69, 5390–5.Google Scholar
Osabutey, E. L., & Debrah, Y. A. (2012). Foreign direct investment and technology transfer policies in Africa: a review of the Ghanaian experience. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54, 441–56.Google Scholar
Osborne, D. (1971). The use and promotion of science in developing countries. Minerva, 9, 4555.Google Scholar
Osborne, M. A. (1999). Introduction: the social history of science, technoscience and imperialism. Science, Technology & Society, 4, 161–70.Google Scholar
Ouédraogo, I., Nacoulma, B. M. I., Hahn, K., & Thiombiano, A. (2014). Assessing ecosystem services based on indigenous knowledge in southeastern Burkina Faso (West Africa). International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 10, 313–21.Google Scholar
Oukem-Boyer, O., Djikeng, A., Cappelli, G., & Fouda, P. (2009). Tackling human resources in Africa: How one institute leverages overseas talent to develop its research strategy. The Scientist, 23, 24.Google Scholar
Owusu-Ansah, F. E., & Mji, G. (2013). African indigenous knowledge and research. African Journal of Disability, 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v4102i4101.4130.Google Scholar
Owusu-Nimo, F., & Boshoff, N. (2017). Research collaboration in Ghana: Patterns, motives and roles. Scientometrics, 110, 1099–121.Google Scholar
Özden, Ç. g., & Schiff, M. (2006). Overview. In Özden, Ç & Schiff, M (eds.), International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain (pp. 118). Washington, DC: World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ozor, F. U. (2014). Research governance and scientific knowledge production in The Gambia. South African Journal of Science, 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/.Google Scholar
Padilla-Pérez, R., & Gaudin, Y. (2014). Science, technology and innovation policies in small and developing economies: the case of Central America. Research Policy, 43, 749–59.Google Scholar
Pan, R. K., Kaski, K., & Fortunato, S. (2012). World citation and collaboration networks: Uncovering the role of geography in science. Scientific Reports, 2, 17.Google Scholar
Patel, I. G. (1993). Keynote address: Higher education and economic development. In Ransom, A, Khoo, S.-M. & Selvaratnam, V (eds.), Improving Higher Education in Developing Countries (pp. 4556). Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M. (2000). Fundamental science: a view from the South. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 98100). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Philander, S. G. (2009). How many scientists does South Africa need? South African Journal of Science, 105, 172–3.Google Scholar
Pillay, K. (2017). Durban joins the march of science. The Mercury, 24 April, p. 3.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1962). The republic of science: Its political and economic theory. Minerva, 1, 5473.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1968). The growth of science in society. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 187–99). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pouris, A. (1989). A scientometric assessment of agricultural research in South Africa. Scientometrics, 17, 401–13.Google Scholar
Pouris, A. (2003). South Africa’s research publication record: the last ten years. South African Journal of Science, 99, 425–28.Google Scholar
Pouris, A. (2010). A scientometric assessment of the Southern Africa Development Community: Science in the tip of Africa. Scientometrics, 85, 145–54.Google Scholar
Pouris, A., & Ho, Y.-S. (2014). Research emphasis and collaboration in Africa. Scientometrics, 98, 2169–84.Google Scholar
Pouris, A., & Pouris, A. (2009). The state of science and technology in Africa (2000–2004): a scientometric assessment. Scientometrics, 79, 297309.Google Scholar
Pouris, A., & Pouris, A. (2011). Scientometrics of a pandemic: HIV/AIDS research in South Africa and the world. Scientometrics, 86, 541–52.Google Scholar
Power, C. N. (2000). Science education in schools. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – A New Commitment (pp. 156–9). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Price, D. J. d. S. (1965). The science of science. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 21, 28.Google Scholar
Prpić, K. (2011). Science, the public, and social elites: How the general public, scientists, top politicians and managers perceive science. Public Understanding of Science, 20, 733–50.Google Scholar
Puuska, H.-M., Muhonen, R., & Leino, Y. (2014). International and domestic co-publishing and their citation impact in different disciplines. Scientometrics, 98, 823–39.Google Scholar
Quartey, J. A. K. (1971). Science in developing countries. Minerva, 9, 548–50.Google Scholar
Rabkin, Y. M., Eisemon, T. O., Lafitte-Houssat, J.-J., & Rathgeber, E. M. (1979). Citation visibility of Africa’s science. Social Studies of Science, 9, 499506.Google Scholar
Radnitzky, G. (1983). Science, technology, and political responsibility. Minerva, 21, 234–64.Google Scholar
Radosevic, S., & Yoruk, E. (2014). Are there global shifts in the world science base? Analysing the catching up and falling behind of world regions. Scientometrics, 101, 1897–924.Google Scholar
Raina, D. (1999). From west to non-west? Basalla’s three-stage model revisited. Science as Culture, 8, 497516.Google Scholar
Ransom, A., Khoo, S.-M., & Selvaratnam, V. (1993). Improving higher education in developing countries. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.Google Scholar
Raseroka, K. (2008). Information transformation Africa: Indigenous knowledge – Securing space in the knowledge society. The International Information & Library Review, 40(4), 243–50.Google Scholar
Rath, A. (1990). Science, technology, and policy in the periphery: a perspective from the centre. World Development, 18, 1429–43.Google Scholar
Rivlin, B. (1969). Research in North Africa: a report to the Research Liaison Committee of the African Studies Association. African Studies Bulletin, 12, 343–5.Google Scholar
ROG (Republic of Ghana). (2010). National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. Accra: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology: Republic of Ghana.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. L. (2005). Report – The nexus: Where science meets society. Science Communication, 27, 146–9.Google Scholar
ROK (Republic of Kenya). (2008). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and Strategy. Nairobi: Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Kenya.Google Scholar
ROK (Republic of Kenya). (2012). A Policy Framework for Science, Technology and Innovation. Nairobi: Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Kenya.Google Scholar
ROK (Republic of Kenya). (n.d.). Sector Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation, 2013–2017. Nairobi: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Kenya.Google Scholar
ROM (Republic of Mauritius). (n.d.). National Report of the Republic of Mauritius. Geneva: UNDESA and UNDP.Google Scholar
ROM (Republic of Mozambique). (2006). Mozambique Science Technology and Innovation Strategy (MOSTIS). Maputo: Republic of Mozambique.Google Scholar
RON (Republic of Namibia). (2014). The National Programme on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation. Windhoek: Republic of Namibia.Google Scholar
Rooyen, J. v., & Machethe, C. (2010). Determining the agricultural sector’s role in regional development in South Africa. Agrekon, 30, 175–81.Google Scholar
ROR (The Republic of Rwanda). (2006). The Republic of Rwanda Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation. Kigali: Ministry in the President’s Office in Charge of Science, Technology and Scientific Research, The Government of the Republic of Rwanda.Google Scholar
ROS (Republic of Seychelles). (2013). National report. prepared for the 3rd international conference on small island development states to be held in Apia Samoa, 2014. Victoria: The Government of the Republic of Seychelles.Google Scholar
ROZ (Republic of Zambia). (1996). National Policy on Science and Technology. Lusaka: The Government of the Republic of Zambia.Google Scholar
Safonova, M., & Sokolov, M. (2013). The construction of the world-system: Regression and social network approaches to analysis of international academic ties. Paper presented at the 14th International Society of Scientometrics and Informetrics Conference, 15–19 July, Vienna.Google Scholar
Sagasti, F. R. (1973). Underdevelopment, science and technology: the point of view of the underdeveloped countries. Science Studies, 3, 4759.Google Scholar
Sagasti, F. R. (1979). Notes on science, technology and development planning. In Urquidi, V. L. (ed.), Science and Technology in Development Planning: Science, Technology and Global Problems (pp. 117–33). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Salam, A. (1968). The isolation of the scientist in developing countries. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 200–4). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Saldaña, J. J. (2000). Western and non-Western science: History and perspectives. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 86–7). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Sancho, R. (1992). Misjudgements and shortcomings in the measurements of scientific activities in less developed countries. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 411–23). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Sanderson, G. N. (1985). The European partition of Africa: Origins and dynamics. In Oliver, R & Sanderson, G. N. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Africa (Vol. 6, pp. 96158). London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sandrey, R., Punt, C., Jensen, H. G., & Vink, N. (2011). Agricultural Trade and Employment in South Africa. OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 130. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Sanyal, B. C., & Varghese, N. V. (2006). Research Capacity of the Higher Education Sector in Developing Countries. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Sarton, G. (1918). The teaching of the history of science. The Scientific Monthly, 7, 193211.Google Scholar
Sarton, G. (1936). Remarks concerning the history of twentieth century science. Isis, 26, 5362.Google Scholar
Savanur, K., & Srikanth, R. (2010). Modified collaborative coefficient: a new measure for quantifying the degree of research collaboration. Scientometrics, 84, 365–71.Google Scholar
Sawahel, W. (2009). IRAN: 20-year plan for knowledge based economy. University News, 90, 13.Google Scholar
Sawyerr, A. (2004). Challenges facing African universities: Selected issues. African Studies Review, 47, 159.Google Scholar
Schafer, M. J., Shrum, W. M., Paige Miller, B., Mbatia, P. N., Palackal, A., & Dzorgbo, D.-B. S. (2016). Access to ICT and research output of agriculture researchers in Kenya. Science, Technology & Society, 21, 250–70.Google Scholar
Schemm, Y. (2013). Africa doubles research output over past decade, moves towards a knowledge-based economy. Research Trends, 35. www.researchtrends.com/issue-35-december-2013/africa-doubles-research-output/.Google Scholar
Schettkat, R. (2008). Introductory summary: Prosperity for Germany and Europe. In Schettkat, R & Langkau, J (eds.), Economic Policy Proposals for Germany and Europe (pp. 119). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schoepf, B. G. (2003). Lessons for AIDS control in Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 30, 553–72.Google Scholar
Scholes, R. J., Anderson, F., Kenyon, C., Napier, J., Ngoepe, P., Wilgen, B. v., et al. (2008). Science councils in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 104, 435–38.Google Scholar
Schoole, C. T. (2012). The unequal playing field: Academic remuneration in South Africa. In Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L, Yudkevich, M, Androushchak, G & Pacheco, I. F. (eds.), Paying the Professoriate: a Global Comparison of Compensation and Contracts (pp. 288–96). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schott, T. (1991). The world scientific community: Globality and globalisation. Minerva, 29, 440–62.Google Scholar
Schott, T. (1993). World science: Globalization of institutions and participation. Science, Technology and Human Values, 18, 196208.Google Scholar
Schott, T. (1998). Ties between center and periphery in the scientific world system: Accumulation of rewards, dominance and self-reliance in the center. Journal of World Systems Research, 4, 112–44.Google Scholar
Schubert, A., & Braun, T. (1992). Three scientometric studies on developing countries as a tribute to Michael Moravcsik. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 4964). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Schubert, T., & Sooryamoorthy, R. (2010). Can the centre–periphery model explain patterns of international scientific collaboration among threshold and industrialised countries? The case of South Africa and Germany. Scientometrics, 83, 181203.Google Scholar
Seaborg, G. T. (1970). A scientific safari to Africa. Science, New Series, 169, 554–61.Google Scholar
Sebastian, P. (2013). Trade policy is science policy. Issues in Science & Technology, 30, 8588.Google Scholar
Shils, E. (1968). Introduction. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. vxiv). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shrum, W. (1997). View from afar: ‘Visible’ productivity of scientists in the developing world. Scientometrics, 40, 215–35.Google Scholar
Siino, F. (2003). Tunisian science in search of legitimacy. Science, Technology & Society, 8, 261–81.Google Scholar
Sin, S.-C. J. (2011). International coauthorship and citation impact: a bibliometric study of six LIS journals, 1980–2008. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62, 1770–83.Google Scholar
Singh-Pillay, A., Alant, B. P., & Nwokocha, G. (2017). Tapping into Basic 7–9 science and technology teachers’ conceptions of indigenous knowledge in Imo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21, 125–35.Google Scholar
Singh, K., Granville, M., & Dika, S. (2002). Mathematics and science achievement: Effects of motivation, interest, and academic engagement. Journal of Educational Research, 95, 323–32.Google Scholar
Siyanbola, W., Adeyeye, A., Olaopa, O., & Hassan, O. (2016). Science, technology and innovation indicators in policy-making: the Nigerian experience. Palgrave Communications, 2, DOI:10.1057/palcomms.2016.15,19.Google Scholar
Smith, D. (1967). Scientific research centres in Africa. African Studies Bulletin, 10, 2047.Google Scholar
Smith, E. (2010). Do we need more scientists? A long‐term view of patterns of participation in UK undergraduate science programmes. Cambridge Journal of Education, 40, 281–98.Google Scholar
Soete, L., Schneegans, S., Eröcal, D., Angathevar, B., & Rasiah, R. (2015). A world in search of an effective growth strategy. In UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (pp. 2155). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Sofolahan., J. O. (1998). National policy review issues. In UNESCO (ed.), The State of Education in Nigeria (pp. 39). Lagos: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2009a). Collaboration and publication: How collaborative are scientists in South Africa? Scientometrics, 80, 419–39.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2009b). Do types of collaboration change citation? Collaboration and citation patterns of South African science publications. Scientometrics, 81, 171–93.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2011). Collaboration in South African engineering research. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 22, 1836.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2013). Scientific Collaboration in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 109, 15.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2014). Publication productivity and collaboration of researchers in South Africa: New empirical evidence. Scientometrics, 98, 531–45.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2015). Transforming Science in South Africa: Development, Collaboration and Productivity. Hampshire and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2016). Producing information: Communication and collaboration in the South African scientific community. Information, Communication & Society, 19, 141–59.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2017a). Do types of collaboration change citation? A scientometric analysis of social science publications in South Africa. Scientometrics, 111, 379400.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2017b). Networks of Communication in South Africa: New Media, New Technologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R. (2018). The production of science in Africa: an analysis of publications in the science disciplines, 2000–2015. Scientometrics, 115, 317–49.Google Scholar
Sooryamoorthy, R., & Shrum, W. (2007). Does the Internet promote collaboration and productivity? Evidence from the scientific community in South Africa. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 733–51.Google Scholar
Strohecker, K. (2016). African nations register declines in governance: Continent’s progress being held back. Business Report, October 4, p. 19.Google Scholar
Sun, X., Kaur, J., Milojević, S., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2013). Social dynamics of science. Scientific Reports, 3, DOI:10.1038/srep01069.Google Scholar
Sutton, F. X. (1988). A foundation perspective on African science. Paper presented at the Symposium on Scientific Institution Building in Africa, March 14–18, Bellagio, Italy.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. L., & Cameron, A. (2016). Valuing IKS in successive South African physical sciences curricula. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education As Change, 20, 3544.Google Scholar
Teferra, D. (2013). Funding higher education in Africa: State, trends and perspectives. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 11, 1951.Google Scholar
Teng-Zeng, F. (n.d.). Mapping Research Systems in Developing Countries: Country Report – The Science and Technology System of Ghana. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Tharakan, J. (2015). Integrating indigenous knowledge into appropriate technology development and implementation. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 7, 364–70.Google Scholar
THDR (Tanzania Human Development Report 2014). (2015). Dodoma, Tanzania: Economic and Social Research Foundation, United Nations Development Programme, and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar
The Royal Society. (2011). Knowledge, Networks and Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in the 21st Century. London: The Royal Society.Google Scholar
Thisen, J. K. (1993). The development and utilization of science and technology in productive sectors: Case of developing Africa. Africa Development, 18, 535.Google Scholar
Thomas, S. M. (1992). The evaluation of plant biomass research: a case study of the problems inherent in bibliometric methods. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 149–64). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Thulstrup, E. W., Fekadu, M., & Negewo, A. (1996). Building Research Capacity in Ethiopia. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.Google Scholar
Tijani, A. A., Oluwasola, O., & B, O. I. (2015). Public sector expenditure in agriculture and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical investigation. Agrekon, 54, 7692.Google Scholar
Tijssen, R. (2015). Research output and international research cooperation in African flagship universities. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 6174). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Tijssen, R. J. W. (2007). Africa’s contribution to the worldwide research literature: New analytical perspectives, trends, and performance indicators. Scientometrics, 71, 303–27.Google Scholar
Tilley, H. (2011). Africa as a Living Laboratory: Empire, Development and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870–1950. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tindemans, P. (2005). Producing knowledge and benefiting from it: The new rules of the game. In UNESCO Science Report 2005 (pp. 124). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Toivanen, H., & Ponomariov, B. (2011). African regional innovation systems: Bibliometric analysis of research collaboration patterns, 2005–2009. Scientometrics, 88, 471–93.Google Scholar
Traoré, N., & Landry, R. (1997). On the determinants of scientists’ collaboration. Science Communication, 19, 124–40.Google Scholar
Turpin, T., & Martinez-Fernandez, C. (2003). Bridging knowledge boundaries: a challenge for S& T policy in Mozambique. Science, Technology & Society, 8, 215–34.Google Scholar
Ubogu, F. N., & Van den Heever, M. (2013). Collaboration on academic research support among five African universities Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 2, 207–19.Google Scholar
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). (2016a). Dataset: Science, Technology and Innovation – Researchers FTE. Paris: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Google Scholar
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). (2016b). Dataset: Education – Adult Literacy Rate, Population15+ years, both sexes. Paris: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Google Scholar
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). (2016c). Science, technology and innovation: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), GERD as a percentage of GDP, GERD per capita and GERD per researcher. Paris: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Google Scholar
UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). (2017). Global investments in R&D. Fact Sheet No. 42. Paris: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.Google Scholar
UN (United Nations). (1980). Economic Commission for Africa: Strategy for the African Region in the International Development Strategy or the United Nations Third Development Decade. Addis Ababa: United Nations.Google Scholar
UN (United Nations). (2015). Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2008). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) Review of Angola. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2010a). Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Review: Lesotho. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2010b). Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Review: Mauritania. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2011). A Framework for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Reviews: Helping Countries Leverage Knowledge and Innovation for Development. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2015). Technology and Innovation Report 2015: Fostering Innovation Policies for Industrial Development. Geneva: UNCTAD.Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2003). The Arab Human Development Report 2003: Building a Knowledge Society. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa). (2013). National Experiences in the Transfer of Publicly Funded Technologies in Africa: Ghana, Kenya and Zambia. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.Google Scholar
UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa). (2014). Dynamic Industrial Policy in Africa: Innovative Institutions, Effective Processes and Flexible Mechanisms. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa.Google Scholar
UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa). (2016). Africa’s science, technology and innovation policies – National, regional and continental. In UNECA (ed.), Assessing Regional Integration in Africa VII: Innovation, Competitiveness and Regional Integration (pp. 83104). New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1974a). National Science Policies in Africa: Situation and Future Outlook. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1974b). Science and Technology in African Development. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1986). Comparative Study on the National Science and Technology Policy-Making Bodies in the Countries of West Africa. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1987). Intra-African and inter-regional scientific and technological co-operation. CASTAFRICA II: Second conference on ministers responsible for the application of science and technology to development in Africa, 6–15 July, Arusha, Tanzania.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1998). The State of Education in Nigeria. Lagos: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2000). World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2006). From brain drain to brain gain. Education Today, 18, 46.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2007a). Review of Science and Technology Meetings at Ministerial Level 1996–2006. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2007b). Science in Africa: UNESCO’s Contribution to Africa’s Plan for Science and Technology to 2010. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (2009). Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Initiative: Responding to the Needs of Africa. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2015a). UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2015b). Global Investments in R&D: UIS Fact Sheet. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). (2019). Global Investments in R&D. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Urama, K., Muchie, M., & Twiringiyimana, R. (2015). East and Central Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 (pp. 499533). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
van den Brink, J., & Snyman, I. (2007). Advancing science in Africa. Nature Materials, 6, 792–93.Google Scholar
Vavakova, B. (1998). The new social contract between governments, universities and society: Has the old one failed? Minerva, 36, 209–28.Google Scholar
Vellho, L. (2004). Research capacity building for development: From old to new assumptions. Science, Technology & Society, 9, 171207.Google Scholar
Verran, H. (2001). Science and an African Logic. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Viljoen, M. F. (2005). South African Agricultural Policy, 1994 to 2004: Some reflections. Agrekon, 44, 116.Google Scholar
Virasoro, M. A. (2000). The universal value of fundamental science. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 5762). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Vitta, P. B. (1990). Technology policy in sub-Saharan Africa: Why the dream remains unfulfilled. World Development, 18, 1471–80.Google Scholar
Waast, R. (2002). The State of Science in Africa: an Overview. Paris: L’Institut de Recherches pour le Développement.Google Scholar
Waast, R. (2009). Science and technology policy in Africa. In Arvanitis, R (ed.), Science and Technology Policy: Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 6581). Oxford: Eolss Publishers.Google Scholar
Waast, R. (2010). Science in West Asia and North Africa: an introduction. Science, Technology & Society, 15, 181–6.Google Scholar
Waast, R., & Krishna, V. V. (2003a). The status of science in Africa. Science, Technology & Society, 8, 145–52.Google Scholar
Waast, R., & Krishna, V. V. (2003b). Science in Africa: From institutionalisation to scientific free market – What options for development? Science, Technology & Society, 8, 153–81.Google Scholar
Waast, R., & Rossi, P.-L. (2010). Scientific production in Arab countries: a bibliometric perspective. Science, Technology & Society, 15, 339–70.Google Scholar
Wachira, B., & Martin, I. B. K. (2011). The state of emergency care in the Republic of Kenya. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1, 160–5.Google Scholar
Wad, A. (1984). Science, Technology and industrialisation in Africa. Third World Quarterly, 6, 327–50.Google Scholar
Wagner, C. S., Brahmakulam, I., Jackson, B., Wong, A., & Yoda, T. (2001). Science and Technology Collaboration: Building Capacity in Developing Countries? Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Wakhungu, J. W. (2001). Science, technology, and public policy in Africa: a framework for action. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21, 246–52.Google Scholar
Walker, C., & Chinigò, D. (2018). Disassembling the Square Kilometre Array: astronomy and development in South Africa. Third World Quarterly, 39, 1979–97.Google Scholar
Wandiga, S. O. (2000). Science for development. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 260–63). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Wane, N. N. (2014). Indigenous African Knowledge Production: Food Processing Practices among Kenyan Rural Women. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Wangenge-Ouma, G., Lutomiah, A., & Langa, P. (2015). Academic incentives for knowledge production in Africa: Case studies of Mozambique and Kenya. In Cloete, N, Maassen, P & Bailey, T (eds.), Knowledge Production and Contradictory Functions in African Higher Education (pp. 128–47). Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar
Webersik, C., & Wilson, C. (2009). Achieving environmental sustainability and growth in Africa: the role of science, technology and innovation. Sustainable Development, 17, 400413.Google Scholar
Weinberg, A. M. (1968a). Criteria for scientific choice. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 2133). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Weinberg, A. M. (1968b). Criteria for scientific choice II: the two cultures. In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 8091). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Weinberg, B. A. (2011). Developing science: scientific performance and brain drains in the developing world. Journal of Development Economics, 95, 95–104.Google Scholar
Wendo, C. (2001). Uganda launches HIV/AIDS treatment and training centre for Africa. The Lancet, 357, 1957.Google Scholar
Wendo, C. (2003). Uganda agrees to increase health spending using Global Fund’s grant. The Lancet, 361, 319.Google Scholar
Whitney, G. (1992). Access to third world science in international scientific and technical bibliographic databases. In Arvanitis, R & Gaillard, J (eds.), Science Indicators for Developing Countries (pp. 391409). Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Widstrand, C. (1992). Tanzania: Development of Scientific Research and SAREC’s Support 1977–1991. Stockholm: SIDA-SAREC.Google Scholar
Williams, B. R. (1968). Research and economic growth – What should we expect? In Shils, E (ed.), Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals (pp. 92106). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Williams, D. (1984). English speaking West Africa. In Crowder, M (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa (Vol. 8, pp. 331–82). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wionczek, M. S. (1979). The planning of science and technology in the development process. In Urquidi, V. L. (ed.), Science and Technology in Development Planning: Science, Technology and Global Problems (pp. 109–16). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Wiseman, A. W. (2012). The impact of student poverty on science teaching and learning: a cross-national comparison of the South African case. American Behavioral Scientist, 56, 941–60.Google Scholar
Wolhuter, B. (2016a). Big problems with Maths: Minister’s frank assessment. The Mercury, 13 December, p. 3.Google Scholar
Wolhuter, B. (2016b). SA Maths improves to ‘low’. The Mercury, 30 November, p. 2.Google Scholar
Worboys, M. (1996). British colonial science policy, 1918–1939. In Petitjean, P (ed.), Les sciences Coloniales: Figures et Institutions (Vol. 2, pp. 99111). Paris: L’institfurta Nçaidse Recherchsec Ientifipquoeu Rle Développement En Cooperation.Google Scholar
World Bank. (1981). Accelerated Development in sub-Saharan Africa: an Agenda for Action. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2006). World Development Report 2017. Development and the Next Generation. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2007). Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) 2007 Rankings. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2016). Ethiopia Public Expenditure Review. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. B. (1938). Science in Africa: a Review of Scientific Research Relating to Tropical and Southern Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. B. (1952). Organization of research in Africa. The Scientific Monthly, 74, 3944.Google Scholar
Xu, J., Coats, L. T., & Davidson, M. L. (2012). Promoting student interest in science: the perspectives of exemplary African American teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 49, 124–54.Google Scholar
Xun, Z. K. (2000). Public understanding of science: Essentials and its practice. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 290–2). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Ynalvez, M., & Shrum, W. (2011). Professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. Research Policy, 40, 204–16.Google Scholar
Yongxiang, L. (2000). Science for future generations. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 281–6). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Yriart, M. F. (2000). Science in the Third World: a paradox of prestige and neglect. In UNESCO, World Conference on Science: Science for the Twenty-First Century – a New Commitment (pp. 295–7). Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Zachariah, M., & Sooryamoorthy, R. (1994). Science for Social Revolution? Achievements and Dilemmas of a Development Movement-the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Zahlan, A. B. (1997). Scientific communities in Egypt: Emergence and effectiveness. In Gaillard, J, Krishna, V. V. & Waast, R (eds.), Scientific Communities in the Developing World (pp. 81104). New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Zegeye, A., & Vambe, M. (2006). Knowledge production and publishing in Africa. Development Southern Africa, 23, 333–49.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (1971). Three patterns of research in developing countries. Minerva, 9, 32–7.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable Knowledge: an Exploration of the Grounds for Belief in Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (1984). An Introduction to Science Studies: the Philosophical and Social Aspects of Science and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (2000a). Real Science: What It Is, and What It Means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (2000b). The Republic of Science: Its political and economic theory. Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy, 38, 21–5.Google Scholar
Zoller, U. (2013). Science, Technology, Environment, Society (STES) literacy for sustainability: What should it take in Chem/Science education? Educación Química, 24, 207–14.Google Scholar
Zymelman, M. (1990). Science, Education, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • R. Sooryamoorthy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  • Book: Science, Policy and Development in Africa
  • Online publication: 17 August 2020
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • R. Sooryamoorthy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  • Book: Science, Policy and Development in Africa
  • Online publication: 17 August 2020
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • R. Sooryamoorthy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  • Book: Science, Policy and Development in Africa
  • Online publication: 17 August 2020
Available formats
×