Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-20T15:45:00.165Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Value Creation and Happiness in Education

Considerations for a Post-Truth World

from Part II - Ethics and Education in Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2024

Sheron Fraser-Burgess
Affiliation:
Ball State University, Indiana
Jessica Heybach
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Dini Metro-Roland
Affiliation:
Western Michigan University
Get access

Summary

Employing “Asia as method,” this chapter examines the twofold pedagogical practice of cultivating learners’ abilities to cognize truth and create value from it as the font of authentic happiness. The chapter first summarizes the intrinsic nature of sōka kyōikugaku, or “value-creating pedagogy,” in the work of Japanese educators Makiguchi Tsunesaburō (1871–1944), Toda Jōsei (1900–1958), and Ikeda Daisaku (b. 1928) and defines the concepts of truth, value, and happiness therein. It then considers the extrinsic relevance of these in the context of today’s politicized, semantic war on truth in the United States and the implications this has for modern notions of schooling and young people’s happiness. The chapter advances our understanding of value-creating approaches to knowledge, society, and power that increasingly inform the perspectives and practices of thousands of educators around the world and has significance for ethics in education.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, new ed. London: Verso, 2006;Google Scholar
BBC. “Covid Origin: Why the Wuhan Lab-Leak Theory Is So Disputed.” BBC News, March 1, 2023. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57268111.Google Scholar
Bethel, Dayle M, ed. Education for Creative Living: Ideas and Proposals of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Bethel, Dayle M. Makiguchi the Value Creator: Revolutionary Japanese Educator and Founder of Soka Gakkai. New York: Weatherhill, 1973.Google Scholar
Calichman, Richard F. Takeuchi Yoshimi: Displacing the West. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Calichman, Richard F., ed. What Is Modernity? Writings of Takeuchi Yoshimi. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Capps, John. “The Pragmatic Theory of Truth.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, March 21, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-pragmatic/.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcoloniality and the Critique of History. New York: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Chen, Kuan-Hsing. Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Chen, Kuan-Hsing. “Takeuchi Yoshimi’s 1960 ‘Asia as Method’ Lecture.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 13, no. 2 (2012): 317324.Google Scholar
Clark, Nell. “Trump’s Social Media Site Hits the App Store a Year after He Was Banned from Twitter.” NPR, February 22, 2022. www.npr.org/2022/02/22/1082243094/trumps-social-media-app-launches-year-after-twitter-ban.Google Scholar
Comber, Barbara, Janks, Hilary, and Hruby, George G.. “Texts, Identities, and Ethics: Critical Literacy in a Post-Truth World.” Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 62, no. 1 (2018): 9599.Google Scholar
Darcy, Oliver. “Right-Wing Media Pushed a Deworming Drug to Treat Covid-19 That the FDA Says Is Unsafe for Humans.” CNN, August 23, 2021. www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/media/right-wing-media-ivermectin/index.html.Google Scholar
de Bary, William Theodore, Cluck, Carol, and Tiedemann, Arthur E., eds. Sources of Japanese Tradition 1600 to 2000, vol. 2, pt. 2: 1868 to 2000, 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Eban, Katherine, and Kao, Jeff. “COVID-19 Origins: Investigating a ‘Complex and Grave Situation’ inside a Wuhan Lab.” ProPublica, co-published with Vanity Fair, October 28, 2022. www.propublica.org/article/senate-report-covid-19-origin-wuhan-lab.Google Scholar
Ecker, Ullrlich K. H., Lewandowsky, Stephan, Cook, John, Schmid, Philipp, Fazio, Lisa K., Brashier, Nadia, et al.The Psychological Drivers of Misinformation Belief and Its Resistance to Correction.” Nature Reviews Psychology 1 (2022): 1329.Google Scholar
Forgas, Joseph P.Happy Believers and Sad Skeptics? Affective Influences on Gullibility.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 3 (2019): 306313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, Agustín. Why We Believe: Evolution and the Human Way of Being. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Gebert, Andrew. “The Role of Community Studies in the Makiguchian Pedagogy.” Educational Studies 45, no. 2 (2009): 146164.Google Scholar
Gebert, Andrew. “The Roots of Ambivalence: Makiguchi Tsunesaburō’s Heterodox Discourse and Praxis of ‘Religion.’” Religions 13, no. 3 (2022): 260282.Google Scholar
Gebert, Andrew, and Goulah, Jason. “Coda: Translating Makiguchi.” In Tsunesaburo Makiguchi in the Context of Language, Identity and Education, edited by Goulah, Jason, 99112. New York: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Goddard, Emily. “Young People Are Unhappier Than Ever.” Vice, May 5, 2022. www.vice.com/en/article/wxdm5n/why-are-young-people-unhappy.Google Scholar
Gorbachev, Mikhail, and Ikeda, Daisaku. Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005.Google Scholar
Goulah, Jason. “Daisaku Ikeda: Introduction to the Man, His Influences, and Educational Thought.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers. edited by Greier, B. A.. Palgrave, in press.Google Scholar
Goulah, Jason. “Introduction: Daisaku Ikeda, and Hope and Joy in Education.” In Hope and Joy in Education: Engaging Daisaku Ikeda across Curriculum and Context, edited by Nuñez, Isabel and Goulah, Jason, xiiixxxiv. New York: Teachers College Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Goulah, Jason. “Makiguchi Tsunesaburo and Language, Value-Creative Composition Instruction, and the Geography of Identity in Community Studies: A Response to Politicized Imagining and Ineffective Critical Approaches.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 12, no. 1 (2013): 2239.Google Scholar
Goulah, Jason. “Value Creation and Value-Creating Education in the Work of Daisaku Ikeda, Josei Toda, and Tsunesaburo Makiguchi.” In Oxford Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies, edited by Schubert, William Henry and He, Ming Fang. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1137.Google Scholar
Goulah, Jason, and Gebert, Andrew. “Tsunesaburo Makiguchi: Introduction to the Man, His Ideas, and This Issue.” Educational Studies 45, no. 2 (2009): 115132.Google Scholar
Hsu, Tiffany. “As Covid-19 Continues to Spread, So Does Misinformation about It: Doctors Are Exasperated by the Persistence of False and Misleading Claims about the Virus.” New York Times, December 28, 2022. www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/technology/covid-misinformation-online.html.Google Scholar
Hsu, Tiffany, and Thompson, Stuart A.. “Disinformation Researchers Raise Alarms about A.I. Chatbots.” New York Times, February 8, 2023. www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/technology/ai-chatbots-disinformation.html.Google Scholar
Huang, Pien. “Untangling Disinformation: How Ivermectin Became the New Focus of the Anti-Vaccine Movement.” NPR, September 19, 2021. www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/09/19/1038369557/ivermectin-anti-vaccine-movement-culture-wars.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Awad. “‘Learning to Learn: Makiguchi as a “Strong Poet” of Geography, Courage and Happiness.’ Essay Review of Kinokuniya Presents Modern Japanese Intellectuals No. 33: Tsunesaburo Makiguchi: For the Happiness of Children, DVD, Tokyo. Kinokuniya Company Ltd. 2006. 129 min.” Educational Studies 45, no. 2 (2009): 221226.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. “Foreword.” In Peacebuilding through Dialogue: Education, Human Transformation, and Conflict Resolution, edited by Stearns, Peter, vii–xi. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. The Global Solidarity of Youth: Ushering in a New Era of Hope. Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 2017.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Ikeda Daisaku Zenshū [The Complete Works of Ikeda Daisaku], 150 vols. Tokyo: Seikyō Shinbunsha, 1988–2015.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Journey of Life: Selected Poems of Daisaku Ikeda. New York, London: I. B. Tauris, 2014.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. The Light of Learning: Selected Writings on Education. Santa Monica, CA: Middleway Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. My Recollections. Santa Monica, CA: World Tribune Press, 1980. (English version is Daisaku Ikeda, Watakushi no Rirekisho [My Recollections]. Tokyo: Seikyō Bunko, 1978.)Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. A New Humanism: The University Addresses of Daisaku Ikeda. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Shin ningen kakumei [The New Human Revolution], vol. 20. Tokyo: Seikyō Shinbunsha, 2009.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Toward an Era of Human Rights: Building a People’s Movement. Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 2018.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Value Creation for Global Change: Building Resilient and Sustainable Societies. Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 2014.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. “Watakushi no Jinsei Kiroku, Dai nibu: Kankoku wo Shohōmon [A Record of My Life, Part II: First Visit to Korea].” Daibyakurenge 3 (2000): 1229.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Daisaku. Watakushi no Ningengaku, Ge: On Historical Personalities and Society [My Study of Humanity, Part Two: On Historical Personalities and Society]. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shinbunsha, 1988.Google Scholar
Inukai, Nozomi. “Soka Kyoikugaku Taikei versus Education for Creative Living: How Makiguchi Tsunesaburo’s Educational Ideas Are Presented in English.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 12, no. 1 (2013): 4049.Google Scholar
Inukai, Nozomi, and Goulah, Jason. “Josei Toda: Introduction to the Man, His Ideas and Role in the Soka Heritage of Education.” Schools: Studies in Education 15, no. 2 (2018): 299325.Google Scholar
Isomae, Junichi. Kindai Nihon no Shūkyō Gensetsu to Sono Keifu: Shūkyō, Kokka, Shintō [Discourse and Genealogy of Religion in Modern Japan: Religion, the State, and Shinto]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2003.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. “How to Debunk Misinformation about COVID, Vaccines and Masks: We Each Have More Power to Be a Science Communicator Than We Realize.” Scientific American, April 1, 2021. www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-debunk-misinformation-about-covid-vaccines-and-masks/.Google Scholar
Karasawa, Tomitarō. Kyōkasho no Rekishi: Kyōkasho to Nihonjin no Keisei [The History of Textbooks: Textbooks and the Formation of the Japanese]. Tokyo: Sōbunsha, 1968.Google Scholar
King, Tiffany Lethabo, Navarro, Jennell, and Smith, Andrea, eds. Otherwise Worlds: Against Settler Colonialism and Anti-Blackness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Lee, Sun Kyong, Sun, Juhyung, Jang, Seulki, and Connelly, Shane. “Misinformation of COVID‐19 Vaccines and Vaccine Hesitancy.” Scientific Reports 12, no. 13681 (2022): 111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598–022-17430-6.Google Scholar
Lee, Yoonmi. “A Critical Dialogue with ‘Asia as Method’: A Response from Korean Education.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 51, no. 9 (2009): 958969.Google Scholar
Lopez, German. “Brazil and Jan. 6: How Brazil’s Riots Compare to the Jan. 6 Attack.” New York Times, January 10, 2023. www.nytimes.com/2023/01/10/briefing/brazil-riots-jan-6.html.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Zahid, and Stern, Chris. “Germany Arrests 25 Suspected Far-Right Extremists for Plotting to Overthrow Government.” CNN, December 7, 2022. www.cnn.com/2022/12/07/europe/germany-far-right-arrests-grm-intl/index.html.Google Scholar
Makiguchi, Tsunesaburō. Makiguchi Tsunesaburō Zenshū [The Complete Works of Makiguchi Tsunesaburō], 10 vols. Tokyo: Daisan Bunmeisha, 1981–1996.Google Scholar
Makiguchi, Tsunesaburo. Philosophy of Value. Tokyo: Seikyo Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Miller, John P. The Holistic Curriculum, rev. and expanded ed. Toronto: OISE Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Milner, Richard H. IV. 2023 AERA Annual Meeting Call for Submissions. 2022.Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. “Un-Remembering the Massacre: How Japan’s ‘History Wars’ Are Challenging Research Integrity Domestically and Abroad.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, October 25, 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/10/25/un-remembering-the-massacre-how-japans-history-wars-are-challenging-research-integrity-domestically-and-abroad/.Google Scholar
Murthy, Viren. “Takeuchi Yoshimi and Deweyan Democracy in Postwar Japan.” In Confucianism and Deweyan Pragmatism: Resources for a New Geopolitics of Interdependence, edited by Ames, Roger T., Yajun, Chen, and Herschock, Peter D., 157189. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Murthy, Viren. “Takeuchi Yoshimi and the Problem of Tenkō.” In Tenkō: Cultures of Political Conversion in Transwar Japan, edited by Hayter, Irena, Sipos, George T., and Williams, Mark, 6584. New York: Routledge, 2021.Google Scholar
Nguyen, C. Thi. “Eco Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.” Episteme 17, no. 2 (2020): 141161.Google Scholar
Noryskiewicz, Anna. “Germany Arrests Dozens as QAnon-Inspired ‘Reichsbürger’ Group Accused of Plotting to Overthrow Government.” CBS News, December 7, 2022. www.cbsnews.com/news/germany-terror-plot-prince-heinrich-reichsburger-alleged-qanon-inspired-coup/.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Edmund V. Transformative Learning: Educational Vision for the 21st Century. London: Zed Books, 1999.Google Scholar
Palmer, Parker J. To Know as We Are Known: Education as a Spiritual Journey. New York: Harper & Row, 1993.Google Scholar
Pariser, Eli. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. London: Penguin Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Paybarah, Azi. “Kanye West Draws Fresh Denunciation for Hitler Praise in Alex Jones Interview.” Washington Post, December 2, 2022. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/01/kanye-west-alex-jones-hilter-interview/.Google Scholar
Perrigo, Billy. “Facebook and Twitter Finally Locked Donald Trump’s Accounts. Will They Ban Him Permanently?” Time, January 7, 2021. https://time.com/5927398/facebook-twitter-trump-suspension-capitol/;Google Scholar
Prager, Dennis. “Why Are So Many Young People Unhappy?” National Review, January 21, 2020. www.nationalreview.com/2020/01/why-are-so-many-young-people-unhappy/.Google Scholar
Purpel, David E. The Moral & Spiritual Crisis in Education: A Curriculum for Justice & Compassion in Education. New York: Greenwood, 1986.Google Scholar
Reston, Maeve, and Holmes, Kristen. “Trump Hosted Holocaust Denier at Mar-a-Lago Estate during Visit with Kanye West, a Week after Announcing 2024 Run.” CNN, November 26, 2022. www.cnn.com/2022/11/25/politics/trump-kanye-west-nick-fuentes-mar-a-lago/index.html.Google Scholar
Rickert, Heinrich. Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung. Freiburg: Akademische Verlagsbuchhandlung von J. C. Ti. Mohr, 1896.Google Scholar
Rojas, Carlos, ed. “Method as Method.” Prism: Theory and Modern Chinese Literature 16, no. 2 (2019): 211471.Google Scholar
Roose, Kevin. “Don’t Ban ChatGPT in Schools. Teach with It.” New York Times, January 12, 2003. www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html.Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, Leah R., Bago, Bence, Berinsky, Adam J., and Rand, David G.. “Happiness and Surprise Are Associated with Worse Truth Discernment of COVID-19 Headlines among Social Media Users in Nigeria.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 2, no. 4 (2021): 137.Google Scholar
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.Google Scholar
Sakai, Naoki. “Theory and Asian Humanity: On the Question of Humanitas and Anthropos.” Postcolonial Studies 13 (2010): 441464.Google Scholar
Schulten, Katherine, and Brown, Amanda Christy. “Evaluating Sources in a ‘Post-Truth’ World: Ideas for Teaching and Learning about Fake News.” New York Times, January 19, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/learning/lesson-plans/evaluating-sources-in-a-post-truth-world-ideas-for-teaching-and-learning-about-fake-news.html.Google Scholar
Scott, Mark. “‘Grotesque’ Russian Disinfo Campaign Mimics Western News Websites to Sow Dissent: More than 60 Fake News Websites Mirrored Legitimate Western Newspapers and Peddled Kremlin-Backed Falsehoods on Social Media.” Politico, September 27, 2022. www.politico.eu/article/russia-influence-ukraine-fake-news/.Google Scholar
Smart, Charlie. “How the Russian Media Spread False Claims about Ukrainian Nazis.” New York Times, July 2, 2022. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/02/world/europe/ukraine-nazis-russia-media.html.Google Scholar
Sōda, Kiichirō. Bunka Kachi to Kyokugen Gainen [Culture Value and Limit Concepts]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1922.Google Scholar
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, Mueller, Benjamin, and Zimmer, Carl. “The Origins of the Covid Pandemic: What We Know and Don’t Know.” New York Times, March 17, 2023. www.nytimes.com/article/covid-origin-lab-leak-china.html.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Sadami, ed. Taishō Seimeishugi to Gendai [Taisho Vitalism and the Modern]. Tokyo: Kawade Shobōshinsha, 1995.Google Scholar
Takeuchi, Yoshimi. “Hikari wa Attanoka.” Ushio 11 (1968): 164168.Google Scholar
Takeuchi, Yoshimi. Hōhō Toshite no Ajia: Waga Senzen・Senchū・Sengo 1935–1976 [Asia as Method: Our Prewar, Midwar, and Postwar 1935–1976]. Tokyo: Sōjusha, 1978.Google Scholar
Takeuchi, Yoshimi. Takeuchi Yoshimi Zenshū [Complete Works of Takeuchi Yoshimi], vol. 4. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 1980.Google Scholar
Takeuchi, Yoshimi. Takeuchi Yoshimi Zenshū [Complete Works of Takeuchi Yoshimi], vol. 5. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 1981.Google Scholar
Talivaldis Ozolinš, Janus, ed. Education in an Age of Lies and Fake News: Regaining a Love of Truth. New York: Routledge, 2022.Google Scholar
Thompson, Derek. “Why American Teens Are So Sad.” The Atlantic, April 11, 2022. www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/04/american-teens-sadness-depression-anxiety/629524/.Google Scholar
Toda, Jōgai. “Overview of Pedagogy for the Home and Family: On Secondary School Entrance Examinations and Enhancing Performance of [Your] Children.” Schools: Studies in Education 15, no. 2 (2018): 271298.Google Scholar
Toda, Jōgai, and Tanaka, Shuichi. “Ōyōmondai no Kyōjuhō” [Methods for Application Problems]. Kyōiku Kaizō 6, no. 7 (1936): 3638.Google Scholar
Toda, Jōsei. Toda Jōsei Zenshū [The Complete Works of Toda Jōsei], 5 vols. Tokyo: Wakōsha, 1965–1966.Google Scholar
Toda, Jōsei. Toda Jōsei Zenshū [The Complete Works of Toda Jōsei], 9 vols. Tokyo: Seikyō Shinbunsha, 1981–1990.Google Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold, and Ikeda, Daisaku. Choose Life: A Dialogue. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Treisman, Rachel. “Putin’s Claim of Fighting against Ukraine ‘Neo-Nazis’ Distorts History, Scholars Say.” NPR, March 1, 2022. www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1083677765/putin-denazify-ukraine-russia-history.Google Scholar
Tsuji, Takehisa. Makiguchi Tsunesaburō Shingenshū [Collected Maxims of Makiguchi Tsunesaburō]. Tokyo: Daisan Bunmeisha, 1979.Google Scholar
Ventayen, Randy Joy Magno. “OpenAI ChatGPT Generated Results: Similarity Index of Artificial Intelligence-Based Contents.” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, January 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4332664.Google Scholar
Zimmer, Carl, and Mueller, Benjamin. “New Research Points to Wuhan Market as Pandemic Origin.” New York Times, February 27, 2022. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/26/science/covid-virus-wuhan-origins.html.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×