R denotes an associative ring with identity. Module means unitary right R-module. A module has finite Goldie dimension over R if it does not contain an infinite direct sum of nonzero submodules [6]. We say R has finite (right) dimension if it has finite dimension as a right R-module. We denote the fact that M has finite dimension by dim (M)<∞.

A nonzero submodule N of a module M is large in M if N has nontrivial intersection with nonzero submodules of M [7]. In this case M is called an essential extension of N. N⊆′M will denote N is essential (large) in M. If N has no proper essential extension in M, then N is closed in M. An injective essential extension of M, denoted I(M), is called the injective hull of M.

The binary tensor product, for modules over a commutative ring, has two different aspects: its connection with universal bilinear maps and its adjointness to the internal hom-functor. Furthermore, in the special situation of finite-dimensional vector spaces, the tensor product can also be described in terms of dual spaces and the internal hom-functor. The aim of this paper is to investigate these relationships in the setting of arbitrary concrete categories.

The study of general multiplier theorems (Kuhn-Tucker Conditions) for constrained optimization problems has led to extensions of the notion of a differentiable arc. Abadie [1], Varaiya [10], Guignard [5], Zlobec [11] and Massam [12] investigated the so called cone of tangent vectors to a point in a set for optimization purposes.

Functions in , may have to be uniformly continuous on Ω even if Ω is not a Lipschitz domain.

In this paper we investigate the structure of certain spaces of operator valued measures and the Lp spaces they generate. The work is motivated by our earlier paper [1] in which we studied the Lp spaces generated by matrix valued measures. The present results can thus be regarded as a generalization of this “finite dimensional” situation.

A simple proof is given of a result of Hmelevskiï on the solutions of the equation [x, y] = [u, υ] over a free group for any specified u, υ. To illustrate, the equation is solved explicitly for (u, υ) = (a, b), (a2, b), ([a, b], c) (where a, b, c freely generate the free group) and thence stabilizers of the corresponding commutators in the automorphism group of this free group are determined.

In [7], Goebel, Kirk and Shimi proved the following:

Theorem. Let X be a uniformly convex Banach space, K a nonempty bounded closed and convex subset of X, and F:K→K a continuous mapping satisfying for each x, y∈K:

(1)

where ai≥0 and Then F has a fixed point in K.

In this paper we shall prove that this theorem remains true in any Banach space X, provided that K is a nonempty, weakly compact convex subset of X and has normal structure (see Definition 1 below).

Oscillation theory for nonlinear ordinary differential equations has been extensively developed in recent years by several authors. We refer the reader to the recent paper by Noussair and Swanson, [2], where an extensive bibliography may be found. The situation is somewhat different for the case of second order partial differential equations, an area which has recently been virtually untouched, except for the establishment of criteria which depend on a comparison with suitable linear equations and therefore are essentially linear in nature. A bibliography of such results may also be found in [2]. Of a more general nature have been the paper by the author [1], and the more recent work of Noussair and Swanson, [2]. Although the methods employed and the equations considered in [1] and [2] are different, both papers obtained results only for a class of exterior domains of Rn, of which the typical example is the complement of a bounded sphere.

It has been shown previously that the Lp(μ) spaces for 1 < p ≤ 2 satisfy a weak parallelogram law, and the same methods can be used to show that the Lp(μ) spaces for 2 ≤ p <∞ satisfy a related weak parallelogram law. This paper obtains several equivalent characterizations of Banach spaces which satisfy one of these two weak parallelogram laws. One such characterization involves the conditions on the moduli of convexity and smoothness analyzed by Lindenstrauss.

On the zeros of . If not stated otherwise, we assume throughout that κ > 0, c > 1, and that k < κ ≤ k + 1 where k = 0, 1, 2, … We reserve the symbol x to denote real numbers, and define C* = C-{x:x <-1}, C being the complex plane. Let

The purpose of this paper is to point out that the arguments of [2] with slight modification extend the main result of [2] to the case of H satisfying either ACC or DCC on quadratic ideals and they extend [6, Theorem 2] to R being semiprime. Thus we obtain

Theorem 1. Let R be a semiprime associative ring with involution ✶ and J a closed ample quadratic Jordan subring of H(R) satisfying either ACC or DCC on quadratic ideals. Then R is Goldie. In this case, J has a Jordan ring of quotients J′ which is a closed ample quadratic Jordan subring of H(R′) where R′ is the associative ring of quotients of R.

If E is a topological space, then according to Mrowka in [7], a space X is E-incompletely regular if X can be embedded as a subspace of a topological product of copies of E, and X is E-compact if X can be embedded as a closed subspace of a product of copies of E. The following is [7, Theorem 4.14].

This paper determines the structure of finite rings whose two sided ideals are principal as left ideals, and as right ideals. Such rings will be called principal ideal rings. Although finite rings have been studied extensively [1], [5], [12], [14] and the tools necessary for describing finite principal ideal rings have been available for thirty years, these structure theorems (which are essentially given in a more general setting in [4]) seem to have been overlooked. In particular, let or be an endomorphism of a ring V.

In this paper we consider an irreducible *-regular ring with order k for some k≥4. If is also a Baer ring it is a rank ring. Our first result is:

Theorem 1.3. Let be an irreducible *-regular Baer ring with order k for some k≥4. The following are equivalent.

Leeming [3] has defined a sequence of polynomials {Q4n(x)} and a sequence of integers {Q4n} by means of

1.1

and

1.2

Thus

1.3

and equivalently

1.4

Any Hausdorff space X is a dense subspace of an H-closed space κX, called the Katětov extension of X, with the property that any H-closed extension Y of X is a continuous image of κX under a mapping which leaves X pointwise fixed [8], [10]. In [8], Liu has shown that the extensions κ(X×Y) and κX×κY of X × Y are equal iff (1) X or Y is finite, or (2) X and Y are H-closed. In this note, we examine whether homeomorphism of these two extensions implies equality. We give a condition under which homeomorphism implies equality and an example to show that this relation does not hold in general.

A friendship graph is a graph in which every two distinct vertices have exactly one common neighbour. Finite friendship graphs were characterized by Erdös, Rényi, and Sós [1] as those for which the vertices can be enumerated as u, υ1,…υk, w1,…wk in such a way that the only edges are uυiuwi and υiwi (i = 1,…,k). Thus finite friendship graphs are rather rare. In contrast, we shall show that there are as many nonisomorphic friendship graphs of given infinite cardinal as there are nonisomorphic graphs of that cardinal altogether. In fact, we do a little more.

Let [α, β] be a closed interval and C[α, β] be the space of continuous functions on [α, β], For g a function on [α, β] define

Let s be a non-negative function on [α, β]. Let F be an approximating function with parameter space P such that F(A, .)∊ C[α, β] for all A∊P. The Chebyshev problem with weight s is given f ∊ C[α, β], to find a parameter A* ∊ P to minimize e(A) = ||s * (f - F(A, .))|| over A∊P. Such a parameter A* is called best and F(A*,.) is called a best approximation to f.

I show that if X is the hyperstonian space of Lebesgue measure on [0,1], then there are open sets in X×X which are not measurable for the simple product outer measure. This answers a question of M. C. Godfrey and M. Sion.

Constructions are made of a T1 space which does not have a T1 completion and of a quasi-uniform space which is complete, but not strongly complete. An example relating to a completion due to Popa is given. An alternate definition for Cauchy filter, called C-filter, is examined and a construction of a C-completion is given. We discuss quasi-pseudometrics over a Tikhonov semifield RΔ. Every topological space is quasi-pseudometrizable over a suitable RΔ. It is shown that if a quasi-pseudometric space over RΔ is complete, the corresponding quasi-uniform structure is C-complete. A general method for constructing compatible quasiuniform structures is given.