Wavelength positions of photospheric absorption lines may be affected by surface convection (stellar granulation). Asymmetries and wavelength shifts originate from correlated velocity and brightness patterns: rising (blueshifted) elements are hot (bright), and convective blueshifts result from a larger contribution of such blueshifted photons than of redshifted ones from the sinking and cooler (darker) gas. For the Sun, the effect is around 300 m s−1, expected to increase in F-type stars, and in giants. Magnetic fields affect convection and induce lineshift variations over stellar activity cycles. A sufficient measuring precision reveals also the temporal variability of line wavelengths (due to the evolution of granules on the stellar surface). A major future development to come from adaptive optics and optical interferometry will be the study of wavelength variations across spatially resolved stars, together with their spatially resolved time variability. Thus, precise radial velocities should soon open up new vistas in stellar atmospheric physics.

We consider the effect of the solar cycle on g-mode parametric resonance, and hence on the limiting amplitude of the overstable solar g1(ℓ = 1) mode. We find no change in the expected limiting amplitude from that found by Dziembowski (1983), who ignored cycle variations.

Using the ESO 2.2m telescope with the 8K x 8K mosaic CCD, we surveyed 2.8 square degrees (~1.6° x 1.7°) of the SMC to search for faint planetary nebulae (PN). In this region, 34 PN were previously known; we identified 25 new objects. All of these are faint and have been spectroscopically confirmed. We estimate that there should be ~140 PN in the entire SMC to the limits of a survey like this one, which is complete to 6 mag down the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF). For a complete survey (8 mag down the PNLF), there should be ~220 PN. A strong new feature is evident in the PNLF as a deficiency at 4 mags below the brightest PN.

The survey spectra that were used to confirm the candidates as PN show that the fainter PN exhibit a higher incidence (~28%) of strong [N II] emission (where I([N II]/I(Hα) > 1) relative to the bright Sanduleak et al. (1978) sample (~6%). We propose that the very faint SMC PN are selectively biased toward the chemically enriched Type I objects derived from younger, more massive progenitors.

When the perturbing planets are Uranus and Neptune, the perturbations on comets are so much weaker than with Jupiter and Saturn that a study of the comets’ orbital evolution, using exact numerical integration, would require 200 times more revolutions. This is hardly practical with present computers. Here we describe results with a simulation approach, the “Monte Carlo (random walk) method.” The proper distribution shape for the perturbations in energy are found from a few thousand numerical integrations, then this distribution of perturbations is applied to millions of simulated orbit-revolutions. This method reproduces earlier Jupiter results in 1/500 the former computation time. We find that Neptune can capture near-parabolic comets with perihelia in the range of 30 to 34 AU, increasing their 1/a-values and decreasing their perihelia until they reach a region where Uranus can interact. Uranus in turn passes some of these on to Saturn, who passes some to Jupiter. Ultimately a few reach the orbits of the visible short-period comets. The process requires about 200,000 comet orbit-revolutions, 4 × 108 years, and the efficiency is one in 6000. The rest of the comets are ejected on hyperbolic orbits.

The extremely powerful compact radio nucleus of NGC1275 is perhaps the most complex structure seen at milliarcsecond scales. Early attempts to determine its structure (Schilizzi et al. 1975) were unsuccessful, although it was evident that the structure consisted of several bright regions whose relative positions remained fixed while their intensities varied. Later observations and analysis (Pauliny-Toth et al. 1976; Preuss et al. 1979) confirmed this inference and revealed a slow expansion in a direction transverse to the primary axis of alignment.

We briefly review the main problems related to the computation of the evolution of intermediate-mass stars: the treatment of turbulent convection and the occurrence of blue loops during the core He-burning phase. It is shown that, in order to obtain more accurate and reliable stellar models for this class of stars, one has to consider all possible theoretical and observational constraints. These include observations of low-mass stars to constrain the treatment of envelope convection, and the analysis of the pulsational behaviour of Cepheid stars.

PSR J1913+1102 is a double neutron star system (DNS) discovered in the Pulsar Arecibo L-band Feed Array survey. We have now very precisely measured the rate of advance of periastron for the system and the Einstein delay. From general relativity, this results in precise mass measurements: 1.65 ± 0.05 and 1.24 ± 0.05 M⊙ for the pulsar and neutron-star companion, respectively. This makes PSR J1913+1102 both the most massive double neutron star system known, and the most asymmetric in mass among compact DNS binaries. This asymmetry will allow for stringent limits on the effects of dipolar gravitational-wave radiation, predicted by alternative theories of gravity, as well as insight into heavy-element production from the eventual merger of this system and others like it. Further observations will also tighten constraints on formation and evolution models; this is crucial for understanding the DNS population, for which there are relatively few mass measurements.

High accuracy measurements of variations in the radial velocity of the K1 giant star Arcturus have been obtained. The observations span 5 years and have a point-to-point repeatability of 5 ms−1 and night-to-night stability of better than 20 ms−1. Velocity oscillations of Arcturus were discovered during the course of this work in 1986. Subsequent, extensive additional data, indicate that Arcturus is exhibiting global nonradial acoustic oscillations with characteristics similar to those occurring in the Sun.

All observations were done using a radial velocity spectrometer, designed to search for extrasolar planets, at a dedicated facility of the University of Arizona on Kitt Peak. A dedicated facility was crucial to this work — because of the changing nature of the oscillations, many observing runs, over several years, were required to understand the star’s behavior. Continuous data sets as long as 30 days were acquired. Preliminary pulsation models were performed in collaboration of Art Cox at Los Alamos National Lab.

The velocity power spectra are complicated and variable. There is substantial evidence that the variations are solar-like p-mode oscillations. At least 10 frequencies have been identified, over the range 8.3 to 1.7 days. A spectrum of evenly spaced modes is apparent, yielding a value for Δν0 ≈ 1.2 μ Hz. The average power spectrum peaks near 3 days. There is a broad envelope of power with a distribution reminiscent of that seen in the Sun. Both the mode spacing and the period of peak power are consistent with scaling from the Sun (Kjeldsen & Bedding 1995). The oscillations appear to undergo abrupt discontinuities and have phase coherence times of a few weeks. We interpret the driving to be due to stochastic excitation by convection.

Recent observations of the G5 IV star η Boo by Brown et al. (1997) have failed to confirm the detection of p-mode oscillations reported by Kjeldsen et al. (1995) Thus, Arcturus may be one of the first stars known to exhibit solar-like oscillations. If other K-giant variables can be shown to exhibit similar oscillations, Arcturus may represent the prototype for a new class of variable stars. We know some other K-giants are variable on short time scales (Hatzes and Cochran 1994b; Edmonds & Gilliland 1996), but many are not (Horner 1996).

Large Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are closely associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The significant correlation observed between SEP intensity and CME speed has been considered as the evidence for such a close connection. The recent finding that SEP events with preceding wide CMEs are likely to have higher intensities compared to those without was attributed to the interaction of the CME-driven shocks with the preceding CMEs or with their aftermath. It is also possible that the intensity of SEPs may also be affected by the properties of the solar source region. In this study, we found that the active region area has no relation with the SEP intensity and CME speed, thus supporting the importance of CME interaction. However, there is a significant correlation between flare size and the active region area, which probably reflects the spatial scale of the flare phenomenon as compared to that of the CME-driven shock.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

The use of the Four College Automatic Photometric Telescope at the Fairborn Observatory in Southern Arizona with its ability to observe stars every clear night and for continuous runs has played a major role in our very successful cooperative program of Strömgren differential uvby photometry of magnetic CP (mCP) stars. Out of about 100 stars observed only a few have variable light curves. But more may be found when additional observations are made. We review the published theoretical basis and observations as well as present new results for CU Vir, V1093 Ori, MW Vul, and HR 7224. We interpret some observations as possibly requiring a more robust theory of the variability of mCP star light curves.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

We study two magnetised accretion – outflow problems: the slow rotator and the propeller. In the former case, we show that the funnel flow does not result in the accretion of a significant amount of matter angular momentum, contrary to what is assumed in the standard Ghosh and Lamb model. Implications of this finding are investigated, particularly in relation to the fastness parameter. We also argue that magnetospheric mass ejection (the magnetospheric streamer model) is a viable mechanism for the ejection of mass and angular momentum from a magnetic star-disc system in the propeller regime.

Star formation is enhanced in spiral arms because of a combination of orbit crowding, cloud collisions, and gravitational instabilities. The characteristic mass for the instability is 107M⊙ in gas and 105M⊙ in stars, and the morphology is the familiar beads on a string with 1-2 kpc separation. Similar instabilities occur in resonance rings and tidal tails. Sequential triggering from stellar pressure occurs in two ways. For short times and near distances, it occurs in the bright rims and dense knots that lag behind during cloud dispersal. For long times, it occurs in swept-up shells and along the periphery of cleared regions. The first case should be common but difficult to disentangle from independent star formation in the same cloud. The second case has a causality condition and a collapse condition and is often easy to recognize. Turbulent triggering produces a hierarchy of dense cloudy structure and an associated hierarchy of young star positions. There should also be a correlation between the duration of star formation and the size of the region that is analogous to the size-linewidth relation in the gas. The cosmological context is provided by observations of star formation in high redshift galaxies. Sequential and turbulent triggering is not yet observable, but gravitational instabilities are, and they show a scale up from local instabilities by a factor of ~3 in size and ~100 in mass. This is most easily explained as the result of an increase in the ISM turbulent speed by a factor of ~5. In the clumpiest galaxies at high redshift, the clumps are so large that they should interact with each other and merge in the center, where they form or contribute to the bulge.

We have begun a programme to obtain high-precision photometry of bright detached eclipsing binary (dEB) stars with the Wide-field InfraRed Explorer (WIRE) satellite (Bruntt & Buzasi 2006). Due to the small aperture of WIRE, only stars brighter than V = 6 can be observed. We are collecting data for about a dozen dEB targets and here we present preliminary results for three of them. We have chosen dEBs with primary components of B and early A type. One of our aims is to combine the information from the light curve analyses of the eclipses with asteroseismic information from analysis of the pulsation of the primary component.

After highlighting the principle and power of asteroseismology for stellar physics, we briefly emphasize some recent progress in this research for various types of stars. We give an overview of high-precision high duty-cycle space photometry of OB-type stars. Further, we update the overview of seismic estimates of stellar parameters of OB dwarfs, with specific emphasis on convective core overshoot. We discuss connections between pulsational, rotational, and magnetic variability of massive stars and end with future prospects for asteroseismology of evolved OB stars.

In this contribution the hypothesis that the Galactic globular clusters with substantial internal [Fe/H] abundance ranges are the former nuclei of disrupted dwarf galaxies is discussed. Evidence considered includes the form of the metallicity distribution function, the occurrence of large diffuse outer envelopes in cluster density profiles, and the presence of ([s-process/Fe], [Fe/H]) correlations. The hypothesis is shown to be plausible but with the caveat that if significantly more than the current nine clusters known to have [Fe/H] spreads are found, then re-evaluation will be required.

The structure and evolution of massive stars is significantly influenced by effects of chemical composition in a low-metallicity environment (as compared to the solar neighbourhood, SN), such as the Magellanic Clouds. A fundamental ingredient in evolutionary models is the stellar mass-loss rate M. Lower metal content decreases the mass-loss rates derived theoretically, which in turn affects the stellar evolution models. On the other hand, different evolutionary models predict different stellar parameters (especially L), which again influence M so that an iterative procedure is required to achieve self-consistency.

The LOw Frequency ARray – LOFAR – is a new radio interferometer designed with emphasis on flexible digital hardware instead of mechanical solutions. The array elements, so-called stations, are located in the Netherlands and in neighbouring countries. The design of LOFAR allows independent use of its international stations, which, coupled with a dedicated backend, makes them very powerful telescopes in their own right. This backend is called the Advanced Radio Transient Event Monitor and Identification System (ARTEMIS). It is a combined software/hardware solution for both targeted observations and real-time searches for millisecond radio transients which uses Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) technology to remove interstellar dispersion and detect millisecond radio bursts from astronomical sources in real-time.

For many years solar magnetic fields have been measured by a variety of techniques, all of which exploit the Zeeman splitting of lines in the solar spectrum. One of these techniques (Leighton, 1959) involves a photographic subtraction of two monochromatic images to produce a picture of the Sun in which the line-of-sight component of the solar magnetic field appears as various shades of gray. In a magnetogram made by this method, zero field strength appears as neutral gray, while magnetic fields of one polarity or the other appear as lighter or darker areas, respectively. Figure 1 shows such a magnetogram.

For the last 3 decades, infrared and microwave techniques have enabled the detection of up to 27 parent molecules in the coma of comets. Several molecules have been detected in over 40 different comets. A large diversity of composition is seen in the sample, comprising comets of various dynamical origins. Abundances relative to water for the molecules can vary by a factor 3 to more than 10. The taxonomic study of a sample of comets in which the abundance of several molecules (e.g., HCN, CH3OH, CO, CH4, C2H6, H2S, H2CO, CH3CN, CS, . . .) has been measured does not show any clear grouping. Except for fragments of a common parent comet, every observed comet shows a different composition. The absence of any clear correlation between the volatile content of the comets and their dynamical origin (Kuiper Belt versus Oort Cloud) is consistent with a common origin for these two populations. Their diversity in composition may also suggest that radial and temporal mixing in the early proto-planetary nebula may have played an important role.

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), the next-generation optical imaging survey sited at Cerro Pachon in Chile, will provide an unprecedented database of astronomical measurements. The LSST design, with an 8.4m (6.7m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 sq. deg. field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera, will allow about 10,000 sq. deg. of sky to be covered twice per night, every three to four nights on average, with typical 5-sigma depth for point sources of r=24.5 (AB). With over 800 observations in ugrizy bands over a 10-year period, these data will enable a deep stack reaching r=27.5 (about 5 magnitudes deeper than SDSS) and faint time-domain astronomy. The measured properties of newly discovered and known astrometric and photometric transients will be publicly reported within 60 sec after observation. The vast database of about 30 trillion observations of 40 billion objects will be mined for the unexpected and used for precision experiments in astrophysics. In addition to a brief introduction to LSST, we discuss a number of astro-statistical challenges that need to be overcome to extract maximum information and science results from LSST dataset.