Filamentous hyphal growth is inherently suited to kinetic analysis, and in many respects the fungal mycelium can be viewed as a very mechanical biological system, which lends itself to mathematical modelling. The mathematics of hyphal tip extension growth are well-established. However, even though a hyphal growth equation can be written with confidence, and we have a good understanding of the effects of tropisms on growth, it is not easy to form a mental picture of the behaviour of large populations of hyphal tips. What is required, and what we believe we have produced, is a mathematical model that is sufficiently sophisticated to produce a realistic visualization of fungal hyphal growth. This provides us with a cyberfungus that can be used for experimentation on the theoretical rules that might govern hyphal patterning, hyphal interactions, and tissue formation and organ development by actually visualizing the virtual hyphal growth patterns that result from different regulatory scenarios. From a series of model experiments the most significant observation is that complex fungal fruit body shapes can be simulated by applying the same regulatory functions to all of the growth points active in a structure at any specific time. No global control of fruit body geometry is necessary. No localized regulation is necessary. The shape of the fruit body emerges from the concerted response of the entire population of hyphal tips, in the same way, to the same signals.

Tuberculina species are mitosporic parasites of rust fungi. Phylogenetically they belong to the Urediniomycetidae, therefore being closely related to their rust fungal hosts. We reveal by means of molecular analyses, ultrastructural and morphological features, observations in the field, and infection experiments that species of the genus Tuberculina and the violet root rot (Helicobasidium/Rhizoctonia crocorum) are stages of the life-cycle of one holomorph. This opens up new perspectives on parasitic life strategies as the resulting life-cycle is based on interkingdom host jumping between rusts and spermatophytes. In addition, we point at the consequences for any practical application dealing with Helicobasidium as an economically important plant pathogen and Tuberculina as a biological agent in rust control.

This study reports novel terricolous mitosporic fungal morphs nested in the genus Tuber according to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Fungal DNA was amplified directly from field-collected anamorph samples. Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences including the ITS regions and the D1 and D2 domains of the LSU identify the anamorphs as mitosporic Tuber borchii and Tuber oligospermum. The link of the novel anamorphs to the genus Tuber is confirmed by the comparative analysis of five collections from four sampling sites.

Ectomycorrhizas with characteristic features of Tuber borchii ectomycorrhizas were found in the soil volume collected with one of the mitosporic T. borchii collections. A nrDNA sequence amplified from these ectomycorrhizae is identical with the corresponding anamorph sequence.

The possible role of the newly discovered anamorphs in the Tuber life-cycle and the potential significance of anamorphs for the propagation of ectomycorrhizal fungi are discussed.

The mtDNA haplotypes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans present in dried potato and tomato leaves from herbarium specimens collected during the Irish potato famine and later in the 19th and early 20th century were identified. A 100 bp fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) specific for P. infestans was amplified from 90% of the specimens (n=186), confirming infection by P. infestans. Primers were designed that distinguish the extant mtDNA haplotypes. 86% percent of the herbarium specimens from historic epidemics were infected with the Ia mtDNA haplotype. Two mid-20th century potato leaves from Ecuador (1967) and Bolivia (1944) were infected with the Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen. Both the Ia and IIb haplotypes were found in specimens collected in Nicaragua in the 1950s. The data suggest that the Ia haplotype of P. infestans was responsible for the historic epidemics during the 19th century in the UK, Europe, and the USA. The Ib mtDNA haplotype of the pathogen was dispersed later in the early 20th century from Bolivia and Ecuador. Multiple haplotypes were present outside Mexico in the 1940s–60s, indicating that pathogen diversity was greater than previously believed.

Fungal research and education has for many years been supported by public service genetic resource centres, whose roles have been to maintain, preserve and supply living cultures to the research community. In the genomic era, genetic resource centres are perhaps more important than ever before. The cultures held, many of which are described and validated by expert biosystematists, are valuable resources for the future. There is a need to supply genomic and proteomic research programmes with fully characterised organisms, as usage of organisms from unreliable sources can prove disastrous, not least in economical terms. However, mycologists often require more than just the organisms, for example, their associated information is vital for bioinformatic applications and some researchers may only require genomic DNA from the organism rather than the organism per se. Genetic resource centres are continually adapting to meet the needs of their users and the wider mycological research community, this associated with OECD international initiatives should ensure they exist to support research for many years to come. This review considers the impact of such initiatives, the current roles of fungal genetic resource centres, the mechanisms used to preserve organisms in a stable manner and the range of resources that are offered for genomic research.

Neurospora and Gelasinospora are traditionally distinguished by the ornamentation pattern of the surface of their ascospores, which are ribbed in the former and pitted in the latter. However, a detailed examination of the morphology of numerous strains of most of the species of both genera confirm the hypothesis that there are not enough criteria to distinguish them from each other. The names Neurospora and Gelasinospora are synonymized and the circumscription of the genus Neurospora amended. Partial sequences of the 28S rDNA gene from 27 species of both genera were analysed to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Species of the two genera were interspersed in the different clades and confirmed that they are genetically very similar. The grouping obtained demonstrates that the morphology of the episporial-layer of the ascospores is an informative phylogenetic character. Two recent isolates from soils of Nigeria and Spain, which could not be classified as any known species of Neurospora are described, illustrated, and recognized as new: N. nigeriensis and N. uniporata spp. nov. A synopsis and key to the 49 species of Neurospora now recognized in the genus is presented, and the new genus Pseudogelasinospora described to accommodate P. amorphoporcata (syn. Gelasinospora amorphoporcata comb. nov.).

Stachybotrys chartarum is an asexually reproducing fungus commonly isolated from soil and litter that is also known to occur in indoor environments and is implicated as the cause of serious illness and even death in humans. Despite its economic importance, higher level phylogenetic relationships of Stachybotrys have not been determined nor has a sexual state for S. chartarum been reported. DNA sequences from four nuclear and one mitochondrial gene were analyzed to determine the ordinal and familial placement of Stachybotrys within the Euascomycota. These data reveal that species of Stachybotrys including S. chartarum, S. albipes, for which the sexual state Melanopsamma pomiformis is reported, species of Myrothecium, and two other tropical hypocrealean species form a previously unknown monophyletic lineage within the Hypocreales. These results suggest that Stachybotrys and Myrothecium are closely related and share characteristics with other hypocrealean fungi. In addition, S. chartarum may have a sexual state in nature that consists of small, black, fleshy perithecia similar to Melanopsamma.

The circumscription of the family Agaricaceae, its genera and their characters are investigated. Analyses of the ITS and LSU sequence data, separately and in combination result in exclusions and reorganization. Notholepiota areolata, a secotioid species from New Zealand, Cystoagaricus with brown, irregular-knobby spores, and Leucopholiota with gelatinized hymenophoral trama and amyloid spores, fall outside the family Agaricaceae. In the reorganization, long accepted tribe and genus definitions are amended, viz.: (1) Macrolepiota and Chlorophyllum separately are monophyletic, but not together; (2) Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus together form one large monophyletic clade, that also includes polyphyletic Sericeomyces; (3) Lepiota, Cystolepiota and Melanophyllum together form a monophyletic clade; (4) Secotiation has happened within several clades (e.g. Agaricus and Chlorophyllum), though not in the Leucoagaricus/Leucocoprinus clade, nor in the lineage of Macrolepiota proper; gasteroid and most secotioid species in the course of adaptation acquire coloured spores; and (5) the monovelangiocarpic Chamaemyces fracidus appears to be basal to the family and provides clues to the morphology of the ancestral Agaricaceae. Trama and developmental characters characterize the different clades, whereas spore characters play a minor role.

Homobasidiomycetes display a variety of fruit body morphologies. Examples include gilled mushrooms, coral fungi, polypores and puffballs but also species with simple crust-like basidiomata, usually called corticioid fungi. The latter group has largely been neglected in recent studies of homobasidiomycete evolution. The major goal of the present study was to explore the impact that the addition of a wide selection of species with crust-like basidiomata would have on homobasidiomycete phylogeny. Two genes, 5.8S and 28S in the nuclear rDNA repeats, were sequenced and a data set with 178 taxa analysed using neighbour-joining and maximum parsimony methods. Support for clades was evaluated by bootstrap. Basal nodes generally received weak support and branching order for major clades remained largely unresolved. Twelve major groups were recovered and corticioid fungi make up a major or important constituent in most of them. Nine groups are strongly supported but support for euagarics and polyporoid clades is poor. Phlebioid fungi were in earlier studies merged with the polyporoid clade but are here identified as a separate clade. Athelia is allied with ectomycorrhizal genera, inter alia Piloderma and Amphinema, in a separate clade forming a sister group to the boletes. We conclude that corticioid fungi hold a considerable share of the phylogenetic diversity displayed by homobasidiomycetes, and should always be considered when phylogenetic studies of larger basidiomycetes are designed.

Entonaema, Pulveria, Phylacia, Rhopalostroma, Sarcoxylon and Thamnomyces are relatively small and poorly studied genera of Xylariaceae. Their affinities to the mainstream of the family largely remain to be evaluated. Secondary metabolite profiles of type materials, recently collected specimens, and cultures, were generated to address this problem from a chemotaxonomic point of view. Micro-scale extraction and subsequent analytical HPLC with UV/visual (diode array) and ms detection in the positive and negative Electrospray mode were carried out, employing spectral libraries and standardised gradients that had been optimised to detect characteristic pure compounds in species of allied genera. Surprisingly, the characteristic metabolites had frequently remained stable even in specimens collected up to 190 years ago. Hence, this methodology not only proved valuable to establish the conspecificity of type materials with recent records, but also revealed some interesting correlations: (1) Stromatal pigments of Entonaema cinnabarina, E. globosum and E. liquescens are mitorubrins and other characteristic compounds also prevailing in particular species of Hypoxylon; (2) Rhopalostroma, Phylacia, Pulveria and Thamnomyces contain binapththalenes and other compounds typical of Daldinia and Hypoxylon; (3) Sarcoxylon, as well as E. dengii, E. moluccanum and E. pallida, contained none of these pigments, but characteristic yet unknown lipophilic metabolites were detected in their stromatal extracts; (4) Cultures of E. cinnabarina and Rhopalostroma indicum, obtained for the first time, produced essentially the same secondary metabolites that are also typical of Daldinia, but absent in Biscogniauxia, Hypoxylon and other xylariaceous genera. Hence, chemotaxonomic characters reflected the adaptive radiation of this family. Correlations between the evolution of morphological/anatomical characters are discussed.