International organization — Officials — Staff Regulations and Rules — Executive rules interpreting and implementing Regulations and Rules — Necessity of compliance with Regulations and Rules — Review by Tribunal — Staff Manual of Food and Agriculture Organization.

International organization — Officials — Termination of appointment of — Appeals against — Time-limits for — Nullity — Effect of, on time-limits — Certificate of service — Appraisal of services — Whether Tribunal competent to review — UNESCO Staff Rules.

International organization — Officials — Appointment of — Expiry of appointment — Absence of recourse against — Discretion of Director-General — Due process — Procedural irregularities — Effects on official's rights — UNESCO Staff Rules.

International organization — Officials — Appointment of — Expiry of appointment — Absence of recourse against — Discretion of Director-General — Requirements of due process — Violation of — Deprivation of rights — Effect of procedural irregularities — Annulment — Damages in substitution for deprivation of rights — Intervention by third parties — Evidence — UNESCO Staff Regulations.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Exhaustion of local remedies — Nature of rule — Exceptions to rule — Whether rule applicable to wrongful acts of Government — Whether rule applicable when local courts not competent to examine relevant issues of international law — Whether rule applicable to claims arising directly between Governments — Determination of nature of claim — Whether dispute arises out of espousal of claim of a national — Exhaustion of local remedies as a procedural bar.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence

Necessity to exhaust local remedies — Nature of plea that local remedies not exhausted — Whether directed to jurisdiction or to admissibility.

Preliminary objections — Reservations — Disputes arising prior to date of acceptance by defendant State of jurisdiction of the Court — Elements constituting dispute — Whether date of acceptance by plaintiff State is relevant — Limits of operation of rule of reciprocity.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Suspension of proceedin~s on the merits upon receipt of a preliminary objection — New submission amounting to new claim on the merits filed after suspension — Admissibility of — Rules of Court, Article 62 (3).

War — In general — Effects of outbreak of — On enemy subjects — With regard to their property — Measures of seizure and retention of enemy property — Determination of enemy character of property — Whether within domestic jurisdiction of State taking such measures.

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Declarations under Article 36 (2) of Statute — Reservation of matters essentially within domestic jurisdiction of declarant State as determined by that State — “Automatic reservation” — Whether objection based on such reservation may be joined to merits — Validity of automatic reservation — Relevance of limited reliance on reservation — Whether affecting validity of declaration as a whole — Severability — Whether reservation compatible with Article 36 (6) of Statute — Immutable character of rules fixed by Statute — Meaning of “obligation” to recognize jurisdiction of Court in Article 36 (2) — Effect of reservation on character of declaration as a legal instrument — Relevance of intention of State to make valid and effective acceptance of jurisdiction — Relevance of past practice of State with regard to arbitral and judicial settlement — Whether condition that reservation be applied “reasonably” may be implied — Distinction between “determined” and “understood” — Whether Court has jurisdiction to decide if reservation exercised in good faith — Principle that Court must be cautious in attributing bad faith or unreasonableness to a sovereign State.

Treaties — Operation of

Duration of obligations — Article 36 (5) of Statute of International Court of Justice — “Declarations which are still in force” — Meaning of — Whether lapse of time is sole test — Effect of dissolution of Permanent Court of International Justice — Whether an extraneous event not affecting continued existence of obligation — Suspended operation of obligations — Lapse of obligation vis-à-vis Permanent Court but not vis-à-vis International Court — Revival of obligation through operation of Article 36 (5) — Relevance of length of period of suspension — Test of reasonableness — Factual circumstances to be considered — Transitional nature of Article 36 (5)

Revival of suspended or extinct obligations — Effect of acceptance of Article 36 (5) of Statute of International Court of Justice on declarations made under Optional Clause of Statute of Permanent Court of International Justice.

Treaties — Effect of treaties on third parties — Statute of International Court of Justice, Article 36 (5) — Whether effective to preserve declarations of acceptance of Optional Clause made under Statute of Permanent Court of International Justice by States not parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Treaties — Termination of — By act of party — Mutual consent — Whether obligations assumed in connection with treaty remain “in force” after termination of treaty — Declaration made under Optional Clause of Statute of Permanent Court of International Justice.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of

Interpretation in accordance with established principles of international law — Exception clauses — Restrictive interpretation of — Derogation from general law — Provision creating a legal fiction.

Literal interpretation — Distinction between original signatories and States becoming parties subsequently — Whether relevant — Relevance of state of knowledge of parties — Interpretation of provision in its context — Relevance of purpose of provision — Comparison of texts in two languages — Translation as contemporanea expositio — Reasonableness — Good faith.

Words and phrases — Meaning of words “declarations ... still in force” — Article 36 (5) of Statute of International Court of Justice — Whether “in force” refers exclusively to absence of termination by lapse of time — Whether declaration under Optional Clause of Statute of Permanent Court of International Justice ceased to be “in force” on dissolution of that Court.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Bilingual treaties — Translation from English into French as evidence of meaning of text.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Preparatory work — Statute of International Court of Justice — Reference to records of San Francisco Conference.

International organization — In general — Succession of organizations — Extent to which International Court of Justice is successor of Permanent Court of International Justice — Principle of automatic succession.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Arguments not raised by Parties — Principle of jura novit curia.

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Optional clause — Declarations made under Statute of Permanent Court of International Justice — Effect of Article 36, paragraph 5, of Statute of International Court of Justice — Whether declarations by States not becoming members of United Nations before dissolution of Permanent Court still “in force” after such dissolution — The International Court as successor to the Permanent Court.

War — Meaning of — Armed conflict with organized terrorists — State of emergency in Malaya — The term “actual military service” in a statute — The law of Australia.

War — Enemy character — Of individuals — Administrator of estate which constitutes enemy property — The law of Kenya.

War — Effects of outbreak of — In general — Estate of deceased non-enemy person — Some beneficiaries enemy subjects — Whether claims of non-enemy creditors against estate affect its character as enemy property — Whether administrator of enemy estate is himself tainted with enemy status — The law of Kenya.

War — Effects of outbreak of — Trading with the enemy — Pre-war contract with enemy national — Partnership — Enemy partner — Effect of Order under Trading with the Enemy Act on contract and on existence of partnership — The law of England.

War — Effects of outbreak of — On private contracts — Pre-war contract with enemy national — Contract no longer executory — Conversion of contractual rights into proprietory rights — Partnership — Enemy partner — Effect of Trading with the Enemy Act — The law of England.

War — Effects of outbreak of — On private contracts — Prohibition by Government of third State of export of oil to State involved in armed conflict — Effect on contract for export between national of prospective importing State and national of third State — Supervening illegality — Force majeure clause — Position of Foreign Trade Corporation in Soviet law — Whether separate entity from Soviet Government.

War — Effects of outbreak of — Trading with the enemy — Subject-matter of trading with the enemy legislation — Goodwill — Whether within scope of such legislation — Trading with the Enemy Act, 1939, and Distribution of German Enemy Property Act, 1949 — The law of England.

War — Effects of outbreak of — Trading with the enemy — Agency — Principal an enemy national — Competence to ratify acts of agent — Trading with the Enemy Act, 1939, s. 1 — Exception of acts authorized by a Secretary of State — The law of England.

War — Belligerent occupation — Nature of occupation — Control by Occupant of company in occupied territory — Effect on right of company to claim extension of patent in England — The law of England — Patents Act, 1949, s. 24.