The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 (1) — Right to a fair and public hearing — Whether summary conviction compatible with Article 6 (1) — Article (6) (3) (a) — Right of accused to be informed promptly of proceedings in a language which he understands — Whether accused entitled to notification in his native language of his rights of appeal — Whether right to fair trial requires that translation of proceedings be available to accused in his native language — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach of First Optional Protocol to the Convention — Legal costs and expenses — Whether necessarily incurred — Reasonableness of quantum — Moral damage — Whether finding of breach adequate satisfaction

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 of First Optional Protocol to the Convention — Violation of respect for parental convictions in matters of education established — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Compensation — Reimbursement of personal expenses and costs of private education — Legal costs and expenses — Whether necessarily incurred — Whether quantum reasonable — Claim for an undertaking by respondent Government — Whether within powers of the Court — Moral damage — Whether finding of breach adequate satisfaction

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Interference with prisoners’ mail — Whether a breach of right to respect for correspondence — Right to an effective remedy before a national court — Internal channels of complaint — Petitions to Home Secretary and court proceedings — Whether an effective remedy — Refusal of petitions for permission to seek legal advice — Whether a violation of right of access to courts — Subsequent modifications to law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of Convention — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950-Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches established — General non-pecuniary damages — Whether finding of breach adequate just satisfaction — Special non-pecuniary damages — Legal costs and expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutions

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Scope of review — Subsequent modifications of State party’s law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Interference with prisoners’ correspondence — Whether a breach of right to respect for correspondence — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Whether interferences justifiable — Whether in accordance with the law — Whether law adequately accessible and reasonably foreseeable — Ministerial directives — Whether to be taken into account — Need for safeguards against abuse of executive discretion — Legitimate aim of interferences with correspondence — Whether necessary in a democratic society

Freedom of expression — Article 10 — Whether necessary to examine issue — Right to an effective remedy before a national court — Article 13 — Whether necessary to examine issue in conjunction with Article 6(1) or Article 10 — Internal channels of complaint — Petitions to Home Secretary and court proceedings — Whether effective remedies — Scope of jurisdiction and enforceability of decisions — Refusal of petition for permission to seek legal advice — Whether a violation of right of access to courts — Article 6(1) — Subsequent modifications to law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of Convention — Whether within scope of review of Court

Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches established — General non-pecuniary damages — Whether finding of breach provides adequate just satisfaction — Special non-pecuniary damages — Assessment in light of particular circumstances — Legal costs and expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutions

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Presumption of innocence when charged with a criminal offence — Whether an infringement of a civil right can constitute a criminal offence — Whether a judicial ruling on costs purely administrative — Whether reflecting an opinion of guilt — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether adequate compensation furnished by finding of violation in the judgment — Legal costs and expenses

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Assessment of compliance with provision of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Limits of Court’s task — Whether able to rule on legislation and practice of State party in abstracto

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(2) — Presumption of innocence when charged with a criminal offence — Private prosecution terminated on account of limitation — Award of costs — Nature of prosecution — Whether an infringement of a civil right can constitute a criminal offence — Nature of function exercised in ruling on costs — Whether purely administrative — Whether Article 6(2) governs proceedings in their entirety — Assessment of compliance with Article 6(2) — Limits of Court’s task — Whether judicial decision reflects an opinion of guilt — Whether sufficient that such opinion disclosed by reasoning — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether adequate compensation furnished by finding of violation in the judgment — Legal costs and expenses

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50 — Pecuniary and non — pecuniary loss — Legal fees and expenses

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss — Legal fees and expenses — Legal aid

The individual in international law — In general — Before international tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Claim for legal fees and expenses made by lawyer not authorised to act for applicant — Whether admissible

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Violation of right to review of lawfulness of detention established — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss — Loss caused by deprivation of liberty — Whether to be taken into account — Monetary satisfaction assessed on an equitable basis — Legal fees and expenses — Claim made by lawyer not authorized to act for applicant — Belgian proceedings — Proceedings before Commission and Court — Legal aid

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c) — Right to defence counsel — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50

State responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether established — Whether redress already furnished by finding of violation — Legal costs and expenses

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Right to defence counsel — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings before court — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c)

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Request to annul local judgment and direct respondent Government to disavow passages therein — Whether within powers of Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to defence counsel — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(3)(c) — Absence of sufficient means to pay for legal assistance — Whether interests of justice require granting of legal assistance for hearings — Right to a fair trial — Article 6(1) — Whether issue absorbed by Court’s findings on Article 6(3)(c) — Just satisfaction in respect of breach established — Article 50 — Request to annul local judgment and direct respondent Government to disavow passages therein — Whether within powers of Court — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether established — Whether redress already furnished by finding of violation — Legal costs and expenses

States as intemational persons — In general — Extinction of States — Effect on nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — Succession of governments — In general — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — In general — Effects of changes of sovereignty — On nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Conditions for acquisition of nationality — Whether governed by international law or a matter for State discretion — Changes in sovereignty over State territory — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany Seep. 435 (Russian Nobleman Nationality Case).

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether has retroactive effect on rights acquired under old personal status — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Presumed intention of the parties — Policy considerations — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of the occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of Nationality — Emigration — Whether automatically results in loss of nationality — Conditions for acquisition and loss of nationality — Whether governed by international law or State discretion — Succession of governments — Russian Revolution, 1917 — Effect on nationality — Changes in sovereignty over State territory and extinction of States — Effect on nationality — Russian citizen abroad — Whether affected by Soviet decree abolishing nobility — Personal and territorial jurisdiction — Definition — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether having retroactive effect on acquired rights — Wartime occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — Principle of good faith Applicability to measures enacted during occupation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as intemational persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign legislation contrary to international law — English public policy — Law depriving persons of citizenship on racial grounds — National Socialist Decree concerning nationality of expatriate Jews — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Dual national — Whether affecting foreign nationality — The law of England

Nationality — Double nationality — Acquisition of citizenship by naturalization — Whether entailing loss of foreign nationality — The law of Germany — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their personal status in the territory of the belligerent — Forfeiture of German nationality — National Socialist Decree 1941 — English law doctrine disregarding changes of status made by enemy State in time of war — Whether applying after end of hostilities — Whether Decree to be recognized by English courts as effective — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Termination of war Meaning of phrase “end of hostilities” — Whether end of fighting or official end of war — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of nationality — Effect of German decree depriving expatriate Jews of German citizenship — Subsequent invalidation by Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany — Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 — Effect on nationality of German Jew who had earlier become a British subject by naturalization — Double nationality — Taxation — Federal Republic of Germany — United Kingdom Double Taxation Agreements

Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign law which was contrary to international law — English public policy — Deprivation of citizenship on racial grounds — Confiscatory legislation

War and neutrality — Enemy character — Individuals — Non — recognition of law passed by enemy State changing individual's status as enemy national — Whether non — recognition continuing after end of war — Whether critical date the end of active hostilities or termination of formal state of war — The law of England

International law in general — Sources — Decisions of international tribunals — Writings of legal scholars — Claim under Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Conception and function of arbitration — Iran- United States Claims Tribunal — Function of Scope of responsibility — Whether a substitute for the national courts — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claims by dual nationals — Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — Decisions of international tribunals — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claim by dual national — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Principle of dominant and effective nationality — Recognition of nationality — Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — Articles 4 and 5 — Principle of non — responsibility — Whether limited by principle of effective nationality — Examination of decisions of international tribunals and writings of legal scholars — Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — General structure and circumstances of conclusion — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Function of — Scope of responsibility — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Alleged expropriation of interests in a company — Claim under Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Change in ownership of company — Whether constituting a change in control — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Jurisdiction over claim by dual national — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Principle of dominant and effective nationality — Recognition of nationality — Claim by dual national under Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — State responsibility — For alleged expropriation of interests in a company — Change in ownership of company — Whether constituting a change in control — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Unrecognized State — Extent to which its laws are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Consequences of non — recognition — Extent to which laws of unrecognized States are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Domicile — Domicile of foundation in German Democratic Republic — Whether can be changed by authorities in Federal Republic of Germany — Unfair competition — Confusion between names of companies — Good faith test — Admissibility of name to be judged according to law of domicile — Relevance of non-recognition of State of domicile by forum State — Extent to which laws of non-recognized States to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and govemments — Algerian accession to independence, 1962 — lnsurance company in Algeria — Decree of new Algerian Government replacing French directors by Algerians — Decree later held to be ultra vires by Algerian Supreme Court — Whether French directors remained competent to act whilst Decree in force — The law of France

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Algerian accession to independence, 1962 — Insurance company in Algeria — Decree of new Algerian Government replacing French directors by Algerians — French directors purporting to transfer seat of company to France — Decree subsequently quashed by Algerian Supreme Court — Whether French directors remained competent to act whilst decree in force — Dispute over nationality of company — Whether position of siège social or nationality of persons controlling the company is decisive — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Term contained in bilateral treaty — Interpretation by reference to definition of term in multilateral convention to which both Contracting States are party — Federal Republic of Germany — Greece Treaty on Establishment and Navigation, 1960, Article 1 (2) — Protocol to European Convention on Establishment, 1955 — Notion of public order — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of Residence permit — Refusal — Grounds of public order — Definition — Whether including economic considerations — Federal Republic of Germany — Greece Treaty of Establishment and Navigation, 1960, Article 1 (2) — lnterpretation of notion of public order contained in treaty by reference to Protocol of European Convention on Establishment, 1955 — Balancing of individual interests against public interest — Right to protection of family — Which members of family covered — Basic Law 1949, Article 6 (1) — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8 (1) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Whether alien entitled to equality before the law under Swiss Constitution — Extent of right of aliens to non-discrimination — Revocation of residence permit — Whether alien has right of appeal to municipal courts — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Whether alien entitled to equality before the law under Swiss Constitution Extent of right of aliens to non — discrimination — Revocation of residence permit — Whether alien has right of appeal to municipal courts — Revocation for "conduct giving rise to serious complaints" — Definition of such conduct — Whether covering adultery — Exercise of discretion by municipal authorities in the receiving State — Whether challengeable by alien in municipal courts The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Return visit to State of origin — Circumstances in which withdrawal of refugee status is justified — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1, paragraph C (5) — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Political asylum — Whether receiving State ever required to grant as of right — Circumstances in which alien may claim asylum — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Return visit to State of origin — Circumstances in which withdrawal of refugee status is justified — Effect on minors of withdrawal of refugee status of their father — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1, paragraph C — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 16 — Exemption from cautio judicatum solvi — Whether refugee entitled to demand payment of cautio from foreign plaintiff — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Algerian nationals resident in France — Entitlement to exercise trade union rights — Evian Agreements, 1962 — Whether an international agreement with superior force to municipal law — Non-assimilation to French nationals for exercise of political rights — Definition of political rights — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Denial of justice — Lack of opportunity to correct procedural defect in appeal against expulsion — Whether alien entitled to challenge such denial in reliance on Swiss Constitution — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure of expulsion — Appeal against decision of expulsion — Denial of opportunity to correct procedural defect — Whether constituting denial of justice contrary to Swiss Constitution — The law of Switzerland