Diplomatic envoys — Immunities of — High Commissioner for India in United Kingdom — Counterclaim in action brought by High Commissioner — Waiver of immunity — Action for repayment of loan — Counterclaim for slander — Whether infringement of immunity — Relevance of degree of connection between claim and counterclaim.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Counterclaim against sovereign plaintiff — Whether counterclaim infringes sovereign immunity — Action for repayment of loan — Counterclaim for damages for slander — Whether bringing of action amounts to waiver of immunity — Relevance of degree of connection between claim and counterclaim.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis — Claim against foreign State for return of blocked assets — Assets blocked by legislative decree of foreign State — Whether courts of forum competent to adjudicate on claim — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Application to levy execution on property of foreign State — Municipal law providing that execution subject to authorization by Government of country of forum — Withholding of authorization — Validity of municipal law conferring discretion on Government of country of forum to grant or withhold authorization — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Immunity of States from local jurisdiction — Application to levy execution on property of foreign State — Municipal law providing for execution subject to authorization by Government of country of forum — Withholding of authorization — Validity of municipal law conferring discretion on Government of country of forum to grant or withhold authorization — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — United States naval base In Italy — Whether United States Government exempt from jurisdiction of Italian courts at suit of Italian employee of base — North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 — Status of Forces Agreement, 1951, Articles II, VIII and IX — Whether waiver of immunity can be implied — The law of Italy.

Sovereignty of States — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — Suggestion of immunity of property of foreign State — Attachment for purpose of execution of a judgment — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Property of foreign States — Bank accounts — Immunity from attachment — Attachment for purpose of execution of a judgment — Suggestion of immunity — Conclusiveness of — The law of the United States of America.

International law — Sources — Customary international law — Criteria for establishment of custom — Constant and uniform repetition — Breadth of territorial waters — Whether Convention on Territorial Sea, 1958, declaratory of international law — The law of Italy.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Constitutional provision requiring conformity between municipal law and international law — Constitution of Italy, Article 10.

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth of — Diversity of State practice — Whether international law excludes jurisdiction over contiguous zone — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — At the maritime frontier — Jurisdiction over offences in contiguous zone — Smuggling by foreign nationals in contiguous zone — Whether coastal State entitled to exercise jurisdiction — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Enforcement of revenue laws — Contiguous zone — Smuggling by foreign nationals — Whether coastal State entitled to exercise jurisdiction — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States — Legislative acts — Nationalization of Suez Canal Company by Egyptian Law of July 26, 1956 — Whether effective to dissolve Company — Effect of French Law of June 1, 1957 — The law of France.

State responsibility — For revocation of concessions — Agreement between foreign State and company to indemnify company for loss of concession — Whether Individual shareholders entitled to claim share of indemnity in own right — Nationalization of Suez Canal Company by Egypt and Indemnity Agreement of July 13, 1958, between Government of United Arab Republic and Compagnie Financière de Suez — The law of France.

State responsibility — Nature of — In general — Responsibility for consequences of starting war — Restitution Law applied in Federal Republic of Germany — Whether starting of war by Germany in 1939 is a" default" of the Reich within Restitution Law — Responsibility of Reich for acts of United States military authorities in Germany prior to German surrender.

State responsibility — Nature of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts of rioters and private individuals — Relevance of encouragement of private acts by agencies of Government — Relevance of negligence by Government in not anticipating or preventing private acts — Imputability — The law of Germany.

Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Shanghai International Settlement — Relinquishment of extraterritorial rights — Effect of — Claims for compensation of former employees of Shanghai Municipal Council — Responsibility of State relinquishing extraterritorial rights — To its own nationals — The law of the United States of America.

The individual in international law — Position of — State control over private claims of its nationals — Relinquishment of extra territorial rights — Claims arising out of — By former employees of administration established under Capitulatory regime — The law of the United States of America.

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Relinquishment of extraterritorial rights in China — Responsibility of relinquishing State for private claims against Shanghai Municipal Council — Guaranty of payment by territorial sovereign — Adequacy of — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Bilingual treaties — Authoritative texts — Whether permissible to refer to text in third language.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Article 26 of Convention — Obligation to exhaust domestic remedies — Circumstances relieving applicant of such obligation — Allegation of procedural delay — Authoritative texts of Convention.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Modification by treaty obligation to respect private and family life — Exception in cases involving national security or public safety — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950, Article 8.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Article 8 of the Convention — Respect for private and family life — Exceptions recognized by Convention — Threat to public order — Whether Commission competent to determine if interference with protected right falls within exception.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — Responsibility for wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Exhaustion of local remedies — Meaning of "final decision" — Special remedies — Whether within scope of "local remedies rule" — Whether constituting an effective remedy — Distinction between matters open to review by special remedy and matters not so open — Power of international tribunal to distinguish between various elements in claim — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 27 — Time-limits — Moment from which time begins to run.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Entry into force — Effect on continuing acts commenced prior to date of entry into force — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Application Ratione temporis.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — In relation to European Convention on Human Rights.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Rights guaranteed by the Convention — Exhaustion of local remedies — Six months' time-limit — Ordinary and extraordinary remedies — Effective measures of redress — Presumption of innocence — Duration of preventive detention — Facts prior to entry into force of Convention — Right to be informed of charge promptly and in detail.

Treaties — Operation of — Temporal application — Application to events before treaty in force — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Inadmissibility of applications to European Commission of Human Rights ratione temporis.

The individual in International law — Human rights and freedoms — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Alleged hindrance of exercise of right of petition — Inadmissibility ratione temporis — Continuing violation of Convention.

Aliens — Admission of — Sovereign right of State to control Whether exercise of this right restricted by ratification of European Convention on Human Rights.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion as a sovereign right Whether exercise of right restricted by ratification of European Convention on Human Rights.

Treaties — Conception and function of — Restrictions on sovereignty — Right to control admission and expulsion of aliens — Whether exercise of this right restricted by ratification of European Convention on Human Rights.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Rights guaranteed by the Convention — Right to a fair hearing — Right to appear in person — Right to enter foreign territory — Right to respect for private and family life — Exhaustion of local remedies — Whether denial of fair hearing amounts to special circumstance rendering further remedy ineffective and futile.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Alleged discrimination between men and women — Paid holiday — Applicant not a “victim” within the meaning of the Convention — No prima facie violation — Committee of Constitutional Court not a tribunal within the meaning of the Convention.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Alleged violation of right to have adequate time to prepare defence — No prima facie violation — Committee of three judges of German Federal Constitutional Court — Not a court to which Article 6 of Convention applies.

Treaties — Operation of — Temporal application — Application to events before treaty in force — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Inadmissibility of applications to European Commission of Human Rights ratione temporis.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Human Rights Commission — Individual applications — Whether Convention applicable to acts occurring before ratification — Judicial proceedings in closed session — Reservation to Convention made by Austria — Inhuman or degrading punishment — Relevance of alleged errors of law or fact made by domestic tribunals.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Alleged hindrance of exercise of right of petition — Article 25 of Convention — Application “essentially the same” as one previously considered.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Whether part of the law of the land — Constitutional provisions — Article 66 of the Netherlands Constitution.

Treaties — Operation and enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Self–executing treaties — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights, 1950 — The law of the Netherlands.

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — The right to education — Whether denied by refusal of licence to dancing teacher — The law of the Netherlands.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Operation of treaties — Whether individuals entitled to claim under treaties.

Treaties — Operation and enforcement of — Rights of individual under.

The individual in international law — Position of — Treaties — Rights of individuals under — Treaty granting loan to one Contracting Party to purchase concession owned by national of lending State — Whether owner of concession entitled to claim indemnity under Treaty from lending State — The law of France.