Governments — Change of government — Effects — Change of government effected by unlawful or questionable means — New regime not recognized by neighbouring State — Control of State assets in foreign banks — Assets located in State not recognizing new regime — Panama — Ownership of Panamanian assets in United States

Recognition — Governments — Effect of recognition and non-recognition — Effects in law of recognizing State — Whether unrecognized government has standing to intervene in case — Dispute between recognized and unrecognized governments over ownership of State assets abroad

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of recognition of foreign government by Executive — Act of State and non-justiciability — Political question doctrine — The law of the United States

Governments — Change of government — Effects — Change of government effected by unlawful or questionable means — New regime not recognized by neighbouring State — Control of State assets in foreign banks — Assets located in State not recognizing new regime — Panama — Ownership of Panamanian assets in United States

Recognition — Governments — Effect of recognition and non-recognition — Effects in law of recognizing State — Whether unrecognized government has standing to intervene in case — Dispute between recognized and unrecognized governments over ownership of State assets abroad

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of recognition of foreign government by Executive — Act of State and non-justiciability — Political question doctrine — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Role of the Executive and the courts — Assurances given by the United States Executive to the Senate prior to ratification of treaty — Whether binding — Treaties — Whether creating rights in individuals

Treaties — Process of ratification — Role of legislature — Assurances given by the United States Executive to the Senate prior to ratification — Whether binding — Whether treaty confers rights upon individuals — The law of the United States

Air — Aircraft — Jurisdiction over crimes committed on board aircraft — Indecent assault — Special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States — Whether extending to crime committed by Romanian citizen against Norwegian citizen on foreign aircraft outside the United States — Aircraft bound for and landing in the United States — Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Crimes committed on board aircraft — Special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States — Whether extending to crime committed by Romanian citizen against Norwegian citizen on foreign aircraft outside the United States — Aircraft bound for and landing in the United States — Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions — Passive personality jurisdiction — Whether Norway possesses jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Legislation giving effect to treaties Interpretation — Conflict between treaty and subsequent statute — Statute prevailing — The law of the United States

Expropriation — Legal standards — Ethiopia-United States Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, 1953 — Requirement that property be taken only for public purpose and on prompt payment of just and effective compensation — Whether judicially manageable standard — Whether too ambiguous for application by court

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and non-justiciability — United States act of State doctrine — Principle that United States courts will not question validity of expropriation by foreign State of property within that State's territory — Treaty exception to act of State doctrine — Scope of exception — Ethiopia-United States Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, 1953 — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity exception — Burden of proof — Assistance Agreement between the United States and the Somali Democratic Republic — Shipment of grain to Somalia by United States company — Payment demanded by Somali State corporation for detention of vessel — Whether Somali Democratic Republic or State corporation entitled to sovereign immunity — Connection with the United States — Waiver of immunity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign government agencies — Liability of government for acts of instrumentalities — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Relevance of proximity of relationship between government and agency — Degree of actual control — Agencies for the promotion of development in the Republic of Ireland — Action for damages following failure of business enterprise — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign government agencies — Exceptions to immunity — Commercial activity exception — Definition of criteria of commercial activity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — State agencies for development in the Republic of Ireland — Failure of business enterprise established under agreement with State instrumentalities — Jurisdiction of United States courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether treaty provision a waiver of immunity

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — State immunity — Treaty provision as waiver of immunity — Republic of Ireland-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, 1950, Article XV(3) — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Constitutional provision granting treaties superior force to municipal law — Application by municipal courts — United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Convention on Discrimination (Employment and Profession), 1958 — Whether municipal statute contrary to terms of conventions — Inability to take up elected posts under municipal law because of employment

Treaties — Application — Multilateral treaties — Whether requirement of reciprocity applicable — Whether self-executing — United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Convention on Discrimination (Employment and Profession), 1958

Human rights — Right to vote and be elected — Protection under the Cyprus Constitution — United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Convention on Discrimination (Employment and Profession), 1958 — The law of Cyprus

Aliens — Expulsion — Discretion of host State to order expulsion of alien from its territory — Admission — Whether State required to admit alien husband to reside with wife national of the State — Whether alien husband gains nationality of State by marriage — The law of Cyprus

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Immunity from civil action — Libel — Memorandum sent to diplomatic mission and Foreign Ministry in sending State — Absolute privilege — Waiver of immunity — Jurisdiction of courts of sending State — Separation of powers — The law of England

States — Criteria of Statehood — Capacity to enter into international relations — Jersey — Whether a State separate from the United Kingdom — Whether Jersey a “country” for purposes of the Convention on the Contract of the International Carriage of Goods by Road, 1956 — Relationship between Jersey and the United Kingdom

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Statute incorporating treaty into municipal law — Interpretation of treaty

Treaties — Interpretation — Context in which words used — Reference in treaty to “country” — Whether synonymous with “State” — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation of municipal statute — International obligations as guide to interpretation — English Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 — Search warrants and production orders issued under 1986 Act — Whether conditions can be imposed on orders — Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 — Municipal statute interpreted to advance purposes of Convention — The law of England

Extradition — Political offence — War crimes and crimes against humanity — Whether capable of constituting political offences — Proceedings similar to extradition — Taking of evidence in one State for use in criminal trial in another State

Jurisdiction — Executive — Judicial assistance — Taking of evidence in one State for use in criminal trial in another State — Role of judicial authorities in requested State — Whether cross-examination by judges of requesting State permissible — Whether rules of evidence of requested State must be observed

War and armed conflict — War crimes and crimes against humanity — Whether capable of constituting political offences — Extradition and related proceedings — The law of Australia

States — State territory — Offshore islands — Whether annexed to State — Queensland — Claims in respect of islands in the Torres Strait — Legislation and prerogative letters patent during colonial times

State succession — Territory — Queensland — Boundaries of Queensland not altered since creation of Commonwealth of Australia — Succession to colonial boundaries

Territory — Islands — Torres Strait islands — Whether part of State of Queensland — The law of Australia

Territory — Modes of acquisition — Australia — Basis for British claim to sovereignty in eighteenth century — Whether eastern Australia terra nullius — Status of Aboriginal peoples — Whether possessing sovereignty over territory — Whether land inhabited by Aborigines terra nullius — Relevance to question of sovereignty over Australia today

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Jurisdiction over persons in territory of State — Indigenous peoples — Whether immune from the jurisdiction of the courts — Aboriginal peoples — The law of Australia

Aliens — Expulsion — Deportation — Purposes of deportation — Use to achieve disguised extradition — Whether improper — Alien entering Australia illegally using false passport — State of nationality failing to secure extradition — Deportation order — Minister specifying deportation to State of nationality on board aircraft owned by government of that State

Extradition — Disguised extradition — Attempt to achieve object of unsuccessful extradition request by means of deportation order — Propriety — The law of Australia

Arbitration — Agreement to arbitrate — Jurisdiction of tribunal — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — Whether requirement that claim had been submitted to a national court — Distinction between claims and disputes — Applicable law — Expropriation cases — State contracts

Claims — Claims before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Existence of claim — Whether requirement that claim had been submitted to a national court — Distinction between claims and disputes — Contractual claims by members of oil consortium — Whether a requirement that all members of consortium be party to claim

Economics, trade and finance — State contracts — Economic development agreements — Governing law — Choice of law clause — Clause limited to interpretative issues — No provision for governing law in respect of other issues — Nature of agreement — Oil concession and replacement by new agreement — Whether agreement repudiated — Payments due under agreement — Force majeure

Expropriation — Contract rights — Whether repudiation of State contract amounts to expropriation — Law governing issues of expropriation — Relevance of international law — Relevance of proper law of the contract — Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955 — Standards for assessing expropriation — Measure of compensation

State responsibility — For acts of State corporations — Contract between foreign companies and Iranian State corporation — Guarantee by Iran — Whether Iran liable in respect of breaches of contract

Damages — Measure of damages — Payments due in respect of contract — Damages for expropriation — Whether distinction between lawful and unlawful expropriation

International tribunals — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — Procedure — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Arbitration — Arbitration agreement — Jurisdiction of arbitration tribunal — Power to award interest — Whether inherent — Whether power must be expressly granted by arbitration agreement — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration

International tribunals — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — Power to award interest — The law and practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal